The purpose of this study was to identify the relationships between social support, pregnancy stress, and anxiety of pregnant women and to determine their effect on health-related quality of life.

A total of 202 pregnant women participated in this study. The collected data were analyzed by the frequency and percentage, mean and standard deviation, independent t-test, ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation coefficients, and hierarchical multiple regression analysis using the STATA/IC 15.1 program.

As a result of this study, the major factors affecting the health-related quality of life of pregnant women were identified as anxiety, educational level, social support, and marital satisfaction. Social support has a positive effect on the health-related quality of life of pregnant women (β=0.27, p< .001), but anxiety had a negative effect (β=−0.56, p<.001).

When planning nursing interventions to improve the health-related quality of life of pregnant women, strategies for lowering the anxiety and improving the social support of pregnant women should be considered.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating effect of social support and its relationship between workplace violence and depression in nurses.

This was a cross-sectional descriptive study that included 128 registered nurses who had worked at medical institutions, except those who experienced depression without workplace violence in Korea. The data were collected between July and August 2020 using online surveys. The mediating effect was performed using multiple hierarchical regression.

The rate of workplace violence was 82.8% (n=106). According to the type of workplace violence, the rates of verbal violence, physical threat, and physical violence were 79.7%, 67.2%, and 33.6%, respectively. A positive correlation between workplace violence and depression was found (r=.30, p<.001), whereas social support showed negative correlations with workplace violence (r=−.18, p=.045) and depression (r=−.26, p=003). This study found a partial mediating effect between workplace violence and depression.

It is important to develop strategies to improve the social support of nurses who experienced workplace violence and effectively prevent and manage depression.

Daily functioning is an important aspect of chronic pain management, particularly for individuals living with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). Previous studies have established that emotional support from significant others is beneficial for chronic pain patients. However, emotional support can be discrepant from one’s preference and can also fluctuate. Thus, the present study investigates the role of instability in emotional support discrepancy on the daily functioning of patients with CRPS.

Participants consisted of 21 CRPS patients. Google Forms was used to obtain daily diary ratings over 15 days.The mean square of successive differences was calculated as an indicator of instability of emotional support discrepancy. Statistical analysis was conducted using hierarchical linear modeling.

Hierarchical linear modeling reveals that the moderating effect of instability in emotional support discrepancy on the relationship between daily pain severity daily activity avoidance (coefficient=0.01, t (292)=5.57, p<.001), activity interference (coefficient=0.01, t (292)=5.98, p<.001), distraction (coefficient=0.01, t (292)=5.10, p= .007) was statistically significant.

The results of this study suggest that instability in emotional support discrepancy reduces the buffering effect of emotional support.

Although social support for patients with chronic illnesses buffers the detrimental impacts of stress, if it is not provided appropriately, it can be a source of stress. This study examined the psychometric properties of the Korean version of the Contextual Illness Support Scale (K-CISS) for patients with rheumatoid disease.

A cross-sectional survey containing measures on social support, depression, anxiety, and quality of life was conducted with patients with rheumatoid disease (N=323).

The construct validity was supported by the results of the exploratory structural equation modeling, confirming the original two-factor model (positive and problematic support) and significant correlations between these two factors and health-related variables (i.e., depression, anxiety, and quality of life). The concurrent validity was supported by the significant positive correlation between positive and social support that was measured by the Korean version of the DUKE-UNC functional social support questionnaire. The internal consistency of the K-CISS was satisfactory, with Cronbach’s α values of .96 and .72 for the subscales.

These results suggest that K-CISS is a reliable and valid measure of two aspects of social support.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of emotional labor, professional self-concept, self-efficiency and social support on burnout of emergency room nurses by verifying the level of burnout of them. Through this, we will reduce the turnover and secure professional manpower and they will provide basic data on efficient manpower management.

The subjects of this study were 130 emergency room nurses of eight hospitals in Seoul. The collected datas were analyzed by the SPSS Version 24.0 program using the percentage, mean and standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe test, Pearson’s correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis.

The level of emotional labor of emergency room nurses was higher than that of other nurses. Professional self-concept, self-efficiency and social support have a negative correlation with burnout and there is a positive correlation between professional self-concept, self-efficiency and social support. The major factors influencing burnout were professional self-concept, which was a significant negative influence factor, emotional labor was a significant positive influence and self-efficiency showed a significant negative influence factor.

To reduce the burnout of emergency room nurses, an emotional management program, positive self-concept formation for emergency room nurses are needed. In addition, it is necessary to develop and apply a variety of intervention programs to build policy for long- term working nurse and social support systems.

This study was a descriptive survey research on nurse’s job satisfaction to identify the effects of emotional labor, job stress, social support.

The participants were 177 shift nurses working at three general hospital. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression with SPSS 22.0.

Job satisfaction of nurses was positively correlated with deep acting of emotional labor and social support, while job satisfaction and job stress were negatively correlated. Social support was positively correlated with deep acting of emotional labor. And job stress had a positive correlation with the surface acting of emotional labor. The most important factor affecting nurse’s job satisfaction was deep acting of emotional labor (β=.446), social support (β=.326), job stress (β=−.198), and age (β=.161), which together explained there job satisfaction up to 42.5% (F=22.690, p<.001).

Through this study result, we found the factors influencing nurse’s job satisfaction were such as deep acting of emotional labor, social support, job stress, and age, among which the deep acting was the most influential factor. The results of this study reveals that an operation of educational program relating to the deep acting is needed for improving the nurse’s job satisfaction. And social support is also required highly, such as the active communication programs for cooperation of nurses and the providing resources necessary for work. In addition, a special program coping the stress intensification should be operated to reduce job stress.

According to the fear-avoidance model, pain becomes chronic when it is related to fear and avoidance behavior. When a pain-related threat occurs, humans instinctively use avoidance behavior strategies. However, the support of significant others is likely to inhibit avoidance behavior even with the same pain-related threat stimulus. Thus, in this study, we examined the effects of pain-related threats and social support of romantic partner on avoidance behavior inhibition.

Participants consisted of 80 pairs of healthy undergraduate couples, and were randomly assigned to one of four group conditions in a 2×2 factorial design, with threat level (high/low) and social support (presence/absence) as factors.

The results of the experiment indicated a significant interaction between threat level and social support. Specifically, in the high-threat condition, when social support was provided, task delay time was significantly shorter than when no social support was provided. On the other hand, in the low-threat condition, the time delay difference between high- and low- social support group was not significant. Moreover, social support did not affect fear reduction.

These results indicate that avoidance behaviors, which are instinctive responses to pain, can be inhibited by social support. This result would enhance understanding of the factors that have not been described in the fear-avoidance model in the pain-chronicization process, and will help expand and improve the model. We also discuss possible limitations of the study and scope for further studies.

The purpose of this study was to examine the moderating effect of resilience and social support to analyze that call center consultants’ emotional labor impacts on the burnout.

A survey questionnaire was conducted to people who work at call center in Gwangju and Deagu. The data from 444 were analyzed.

The result from the hierarchical multiple regression is as follows. First, deep acting decreased burnout, but surface acting of emotional labor increased burnout. Also, frequency of emotion display, variety of emotion required to be expressed and attentiveness to required display rules increased burnout. Second, Resilience had moderating effect between deep acting and burnout. Third, the moderate effect of interaction of social support from leader with surface action was found at burnout. Also, moderating effect of social support from leader were shown in frequency of emotion display with burnout and attentiveness to required display rules with burnout. Fourth, social support from colleague did not have buffering effect on emotional labor and burnout.

It is expected that the moderator variables identified in this study can be used for prevention and treatment of burnout caused by emotional labor.

This study was a descriptive research study conducted to investigate the influences of cognitive emotion regulation and social support on social anxiety among nursing students.

The participants were 672 nursing department students at a university. The participants were surveyed using structured questionnaires for cognitive emotion regulation, social support, and social anxiety from March to May 2017.

The results showed that the absence of social conflict, rumination of cognitive emotion regulation, and social support were found to affect social anxiety; these variables predicted the social anxiety of nursing students by 27%. The social anxiety of nursing students also varied according to religion, satisfaction with their nursing major, and academic achievement. There was a positive correlation between cognitive emotion regulation and social anxiety, but a negative correlation between social support and social anxiety.

This study was significant in demonstrating that cognitive emotion regulation and social support of nursing students are verified factors affecting social anxiety. It is necessary to consider cognitive emotion regulation and social support when developing an intervention program to reduce social anxiety in nursing students.