순천향대학교 사회복지학과 부교수
Associate Professor, Department of Social Welfare, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Korea
Copyright © 2022 Korean Society of Stress Medicine.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Conflicts of interest
The author declared no conflict of interest.
Funding
This work was supported by the Soonchunhyang University Research Fund.
Variable | M (SD) | Range | Skewness/kurtosis | n (%) | Future orientation |
Depression |
Parental emotional support |
Smartphone overdependence |
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r (p) | r (p) | r (p) | r (p) | ||||||
Gender | Female | 169 (40.4) | |||||||
Male | 249 (59.6) | ||||||||
Age | 18.81 (1.07) | 15∼21 | −0.843/1.244 | ||||||
Family economic status | 3.73 (1.19) | 1∼7 | −0.092/−0.048 | ||||||
Future orientation | 3.00 (0.64) | 1∼4 | −0.400/0.586 | 1 | |||||
Depression | 2.02 (0.56) | 1∼4 | −0.176/−0.424 | −.334 (<.001) | 1 | ||||
Parental emotional support | 2.96 (0.67) | 1∼4 | −0.554/0.750 | .286 (<.001) | −.332 (<.001) | 1 | |||
Smartphone overdependence | 1.75 (0.55) | 1∼4 | 0.834/0.160 | −.182 (<.001) | .252 (<.001) | −.188 (<.001) | 1 |
Variable | Panel 1: Future orientation → smartphone overdependence |
Panel 2: Mediation effect |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Step 1: Future orientation → depression |
Step 2: Future orientation, depression → smartphone overdependence |
||||||||
B | SE | t (p) | B | SE | t (p) | B | SE | t (p) | |
Future orientation | −0.174 | 0.043 | −4.091 (<.001) | −0.280 | 0.040 | −6.928 (<.001) | −0.120 | 0.044 | −2.707 (.007) |
Depression | 0.194 | 0.051 | 3.807 (<.001) | ||||||
Gender | −0.156 | 0.054 | −2‵.901 (.004) | −0.234 | 0.051 | −4.577 (<.001) | −0.111 | 0.054 | −2.040 (.042) |
Age | −0.030 | 0.025 | −1.211 (.227) | 0.015 | 0.024 | 0.631 (.528) | −0.033 | 0.024 | −1.348 (.178) |
Family economic status | −0.002 | 0.022 | −0.069 (.945) | −0.065 | 0.021 | −3.052 (.002) | 0.011 | 0.022 | 0.496 (.620) |
Constant | 2.932 | 0.507 | 5.781 (<.001) | 2.958 | 0.481 | 6.144 (<.001) | 2.358 | 0.521 | 4.522 (<.001) |
R2 | .057 | .176 | .089 | ||||||
F (p) | 6.251 (<.001) | 22.122 (<.001) | 8.063 (<.001) | ||||||
IE (BSE) | −0.054 (0.018) | ||||||||
95% BCI | −0.092∼−0.023 |
Variable | Step 1: Future orientation → depression |
Step 2: Future orientation, depression, parental emotional support, depression×parental emotional support → smartphone overdependence |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | SE | t (p) | B | SE | t (p) | |
Future orientation | −0.280 | 0.040 | −6.928 (<.001) | −0.102 | 0.045 | −2.295 (.022) |
Depression | 0.175 | 0.052 | 3.376 (.001) | |||
Parental emotional support | −0.086 | 0.042 | −2.021 (.044) | |||
Depression×parental emotional support | 0.158 | 0.064 | 2.457 (.014) | |||
Gender | −0.234 | 0.051 | −4.577 (<.001) | −0.096 | 0.054 | −1.773 (.077) |
Age | 0.015 | 0.024 | 0.631 (.528) | −0.039 | 0.025 | −1.573 (.117) |
Family economic status | −0.065 | 0.021 | −3.052 (.002) | 0.009 | 0.022 | 0.425 (.671) |
Constant | 2.958 | 0.481 | 6.144 (<.001) | 2.822 | 0.499 | 5.660 (<.001) |
R2 | .176 | .111 | ||||
F (p) | 22.122 (<.001) | 7.322 (<.001) | ||||
R2 change | .013 | |||||
F change (p) | 6.036 (.014) |
Conditional indirect effect | Bootstrap SE | 95% Bootstrap CI |
||
---|---|---|---|---|
Lower limit | Upper limit | |||
Low parental emotional support (−1SD) | −0.019 | 0.022 | −0.065 | 0.022 |
Medium parental emotional support (mean) | −0.049 | 0.018 | −0.087 | −0.017 |
High parental emotional support (1SD) | −0.079 | 0.023 | −0.125 | −0.038 |
Index of moderated mediation | −0.044 | 0.020 | −0.083 | −0.004 |
M: mean, SD: standard deviation.
B: coefficient, SE: standard error, IE: indirect effect, BSE: bootstrap standard error, BCI: bootstrap confidence interval.
B: coefficient, SE: standard error.
SE: standard error, CI: confidence interval, SD: standard deviation.