1백석문화대학교 간호학과 조교수
2고려대학교 간호대학 교수
1Assistant Professor, Department of Nursing, Baekseok Culture University, Cheonan, Korea
2Professor, College of Nursing, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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Session | Stage | Topics | Goals | Contents | Methods |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Introduction | Recognize menopause | ∙Understand menopause | ∙Introduction of program and orientation ∙Pre-test ∙Introducing communication among participants ∙Provide information to menopause |
∙Lecture ∙Discussion ∙Sharing experiences |
2 | Recognize the meaning of menopause and physical and psychological changes | ∙Recognize physical changes related to menopause ∙Recognize psychological changes related to menopause |
∙Understand menopausal symptoms through literature, comparing and confirming experience ∙Share my menopause symptoms with others ∙Check feelings and thoughts about menopause |
∙Reading ∙Writing ∙Presentation ∙Discussion ∙Lecture |
|
3 | Work | Confirm irrational belief and recovery one’s self-esteem (I) | ∙Identify negative emotions related to aging ∙Identify irrational beliefs about menopause |
∙Empathy and confirmation of the protagonist’s irrational beliefs through literature ∙Writing own experiences ∙Change of beliefs through presentation and sharing emotions with others |
∙Reading ∙Writing ∙Presentation ∙Discussion ∙Lecture ∙Sharing experiences |
4 | Confirm irrational belief and recovery one’s self-esteem (II) | ∙Understand the importance of menopause management ∙Identify negative body image ∙Accept the natural aging process |
∙Learn necessity and knowledge of menopause management through literature ∙Find negative self-image through writing ∙Empathy and refutation among participants about the contents of the book ∙Transition of negative beliefs and positive acceptance and support for menopause |
∙Reading ∙Writing ∙Presentation ∙Discussion ∙Lecture ∙Sharing experiences |
|
5 | Confirm rational belief and promote one’s ego-resilience (I) | ∙Identify perceived stress ∙Learn stress coping stretagies ∙Distinguish between rational and irrational beliefs |
∙Empathize with the stress of middle-age through literature ∙Understand the need to manage stress ∙Confirm rational beliefs through discussion ∙Write rational belief and present it |
∙Reading ∙Writing ∙Presentation ∙Discussion ∙Lecture ∙Sharing experiences |
|
6 | Confirm rational belief and promote one’s ego-resilience (II) | ∙Self-reflection ∙Accept the positive self ∙Restore one’s confidence ∙Reset one’s life goals |
∙Self-reflection through literature ∙Support and encouragement among participants ∙Writing ‘Bucket List’ and presentation it |
∙Reading ∙Writing ∙Presentation ∙Discussion ∙Lecture ∙Sharing experiences |
|
7 | Integration | Cultivate positive mental health (I) | ∙Find the cause of negative emotions ∙Acquire appropriate communication skills |
∙Empathize with negative emotions through literature ∙Express negative emotions through writing ∙Refute and purify emotions through discussion ∙Positive communication training and skills acquisition among participants |
∙Reading ∙Writing ∙Presentation ∙Discussion ∙Lecture ∙Sharing experiences |
8 | Cultivate positive mental health (II) | ∙Accept one’s menopause ∙Express positive emotions ∙Acquire knowledge of menopause management |
∙Accept menopause through literature ∙Sharing emotions among participants about menopause ∙Writing positive emotions about menopause ∙Sharing knowledge about healthy menopause management |
∙Reading ∙Writing ∙Presentation ∙Discussion ∙Lecture ∙Sharing experiences |
|
9 | New direction setting | Reestablish one’s perception and behavioral modification of menopause | ∙Set specific goals for menopause management ∙Improve one’s self-image |
∙Comparing with one’s menopause management method through reading and discussion ∙Provide theoretical information through lectures ∙Writing and presentation on menopause management ∙Raise self image through wise sayings |
∙Reading ∙Writing ∙Presentation ∙Discussion ∙Lecture ∙Sharing experiences |
10 | Active behavioral changes for mental health | ∙Set specific action goals for maintaining positive emotions and rational beliefs ∙Finish the program |
∙Homework presentation ∙Writing and presentation self goals ∙Encouragement and feedback among participants ∙Discussing and sharing how feel about the program ∙Post-test ∙Distribution of educational materials |
∙Writing ∙Presentation ∙Discussion ∙Lecture ∙Sharing experiences |
Variables | Categories | Exp (n=24) | Cont (n=40) | c2/t | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) or M±SD | n (%) or M±SD | |||||
Age (year) | 54.33±3.70 | 53.25±3.66 | 1.02 | .314 | ||
Religion | Catholic | 5 (20.8%) | 4 (16.7%) | 1.32 | .858 | |
Christian | 3 (12.5%) | 4 (16.7%) | ||||
Buddhism | 7 (29.2%) | 8 (33.3%) | ||||
No religion and others | 9 (37.5%) | 8 (33.3%) | ||||
Marital status | Single | 1 (4.2%) | 1 (4.2%) | 2.09 | .332 | |
Married | 21 (87.5%) | 23 (95.8%) | ||||
Divorce and others | 2 (8.3%) | 0 (0%) | ||||
Education | High school graduation | 19 (79.2%) | 14 (58.3%) | 2.42 | .119 | |
Undergraduated and more | 5 (20.8%) | 10 (41.7%) | ||||
Job | Office worker | 4 (16.7%) | 5 (20.8%) | 1.90 | .387 | |
Businessman | 2 (8.3%) | 5 (20.8%) | ||||
Housewife and others | 18 (75.0%) | 14 (58.3%) | ||||
Monthly income | ∼999,999 won | 1 (4.2%) | 0 (0%) | 6.40 | .171 | |
1,000,000 won∼1,999,999 won | 3 (12.5%) | 2 (8.3%) | ||||
2,000,000 won∼3,999,999 won | 13 (54.2%) | 7 (29.2%) | ||||
4,000,000 won∼4,999,999 won | 4 (16.7%) | 6 (25.0%) | ||||
5,000,000 won∼ | 3 (12.5%) | 9 (37.5%) | ||||
Menopausal stage | Peri-menopause | 8 (33.3%) | 13 (54.2%) | 2.15 | .244a) | |
Post-menopause | 16 (66.7%) | 11 (45.8%) | ||||
Menupausal self-diagnosis | 20.79±5.76 | 22.00±7.28 | −0.64 | .527 |
Variables | Range | Exp (n=39) M±SD |
Cont (n=40) M±SD |
t/z | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Self-esteem | 0∼4 | 1.89±0.77 | 2.01±0.71 | −0.54 | .590 |
Ego-resilience | 0∼4 | 1.90±0.65 | 1.86±0.57 | 0.19 | .854 |
Perceived stress | 0∼4 | 1.68±0.35 | 1.68±0.42 | 0.03 | .979 |
Body image | 0∼4 | 1.64±0.52 | 1.48±0.55 | 1.01 | .317 |
Depression | 0∼3 | 0.92±0.29 | 0.82±0.42 | 0.91 | .370 |
State anger | 1∼4 | 1.70±0.43 | 1.53±0.45 | 1.33 | .189 |
Anger expression | 0∼3 | 1.05±0.32 | 1.00±0.39 | 0.46 | .647 |
Aging anxiety | 0∼4 | 1.64±0.72 | 1.53±0.71 | .320 | .749a) |
Variables | Exp (n=24) M±SD |
Cont (n=24) M±SD |
t (p) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Self-esteem | Pre-test | 1.89±0.77 | 2.01±0.71 | 0.54 (.590) |
Post-test | 2.93±0.54 | 2.11±0.80 | 4.16 (<.0001) | |
Difference | −1.04±0.98 | −0.10±0.92 | −3.39 (.001) | |
t (p) | −5.17 (<.0001) | −0.55 (.585) | ||
Ego-resilience | Pre-test | 1.90±0.65 | 1.86±0.57 | 0.19 (.854) |
Post-test | 2.54±0.56 | 1.93±0.64 | 3.49 (.001) | |
Difference | −0.64±0.81 | −0.07±0.76 | −2.50 (.016) | |
t (p) | −3.85 (.001) | −0.46 (.651) | ||
Perceived stress | Pre-test | 1.68±0.35 | 1.68±0.42 | 0.03 (.979) |
Post-test | 1.49±0.40 | 1.88±0.42 | −3.35 (.002) | |
Difference | 0.19±0.41 | −0.20±0.59 | 2.03 (.048) | |
t (p) | 1.26 (.222) | −1.70 (.102) | ||
Body image | Pre-test | 1.64±0.52 | 1.48±0.55 | 1.01 (.317) |
Post-test | 1.12±0.41 | 1.60±0.70 | −2.88 (.007) | |
Difference | 0.52±0.78 | −0.12±0.81 | 2.75 (.009) | |
t (p) | 3.25 (.004) | −0.68 (.502) | ||
Depression | Pre-test | 0.92±0.29 | 0.82±0.42 | 0.91 (.370) |
Post-test | 0.25±0.26 | 0.86±0.49 | −4.61 (<.0010)a) | |
Difference | 0.67±0.30 | −0.04±0.60 | 4.06 (<.0001)a) | |
t (p) | 4.23 (<.0001)b) | −0.27 (.786) | ||
State anger | Pre-test | 1.70±0.43 | 1.53±0.45 | 1.33 (.189) |
Post-test | 1.22±0.31 | 1.70±0.49 | −3.92 (<.0001)a) | |
Difference | 0.48±0.52 | −0.17±0.51 | 3.77 (<.0001)a) | |
t (p) | 4.56 (<.0001) | −1.65 (.113) | ||
Anger expression | Pre-test | 1.05±0.32 | 1.00±0.39 | 0.46 (.647) |
Post-test | 0.81±0.30 | 1.19±0.37 | −3.92 (<.0001) | |
Difference | 0.24±0.46 | −0.19±0.48 | 3.14 (.003) | |
t (p) | 2.50 (.020) | −1.95 (.063) | ||
Aging anxiety | Pre-test | 1.64±0.72 | 1.53±0.71 | 0.32 (.749)a) |
Post-test | 1.12±0.51 | 1.71±0.71 | −3.30 (.002) | |
Difference | 0.52±0.90 | −0.18±0.95 | 2.35 (.019)a) | |
t (p) | 2.83 (.009) | −0.91 (.373) |
Variables | Factors | Sum of squares | Degree of freedom | Mean square | F | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Self-esteem | Covariate (pre-test) | 24.99 | 1 | 24.99 | 0.54 | .468 |
Group | 817.890 | 1 | 817.90 | 17.52 | <.0001 | |
Error | 2100.59 | 45 | 46.68 | |||
Ego-resilience | Covariate (pre-test) | 70.60 | 1 | 70.60 | 1.01 | .321 |
Group | 836.10 | 1 | 836.10 | 11.95 | .001 | |
Error | 3149.23 | 45 | 69.98 | |||
Perceived stress | Covariate (pre-test) | 0.01 | 1 | 0.01 | 0.00 | .983 |
Group | 188.01 | 1 | 188.01 | 10.96 | .002 | |
Error | 771.95 | 45 | 17.15 | |||
Body image | Covariate (pre-test) | 5.57 | 1 | 5.57 | 0.04 | .838 |
Group | 1027.72 | 1 | 1027.72 | 7.75 | .008 | |
Error | 5968.22 | 45 | 132.63 | |||
Depression | Covariate (pre-test) | 123.95 | 1 | 122.95 | 2.07 | .157 |
Group | 1869.92 | 1 | 1869.92 | 31.44 | <.001 | |
Error | 2676.63 | 45 | 59.48 | |||
State anger | Covariate (pre-test) | 58.97 | 1 | 58.97 | 3.73 | .060 |
Group | 320.79 | 1 | 320.79 | 20.26 | <.001 | |
Error | 712.37 | 45 | 15.83 | |||
Anger expression | Covariate (pre-test) | 12.48 | 1 | 12.480 | 0.19 | .665 |
Group | 1000.63 | 1 | 1000.63 | 15.24 | <.001 | |
Error | 2955.36 | 45 | 65.68 | |||
Aging anxiety | Covariate (pre-test) | 9.62 | 1 | 9.62 | 0.09 | .771 |
Group | 1209.43 | 1 | 1209.43 | 10.74 | .002 | |
Error | 5066.05 | 45 | 112.58 |
REBT: Rational emotive behavior therapy.
a)Fisher’s exact test. Exp: Experimental group, Cont: Control group, M±SD: mean±standard deviation.
a)Mann-Whitney U test. Exp: Experimental group, Cont: Control group, M±SD: Mean±standard deviation.
a)Mann-Whitney U test, b)Wilcoxon signed rank test. Exp: Experimental group, Cont: Control group, M±SD: mean±standard deviation.