STRESS

Volume 30(3); September 2022

Original Articles

Effects of Expressive Writing through Self-Distancing on Emotion and Pain Outcomes in Individuals Who Use Emotional Suppression: Soojin Lee, Sungkun Cho; STRESS. 2022;30(3):129-138. Published online September 30, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2022.30.3.129

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Abstract PDF: Background
Emotions are closely related to pain outcomes, and maladaptive emotional regulation strategies such as suppression can exacerbate pain. The purpose of this study was to empirically investigate the effects of expressive writing on emotions and pain outcomes of individuals who use emotional suppression.
Methods
Forty university students with an emotional suppression scale score of more than one standard deviation participated in this study. There were 20 students in the expressive writing group and 20 students in the control group. For the expressive writing group, emotions (negative emotions and state anxiety) and pain experiences (threshold, tolerance, intensity, and pupil diameter measured during cold pressure tasks) were assessed before and after a writing intervention.
Results
The expressive writing group had lower post-negative affect than pre-negative affect and lower post-state anxiety than the control group. However, there were no significant differences between groups in pain outcomes and self-distancing.
Conclusions
These findings suggest that expressive writing can help individuals express and experience negative emotions and anxiety more healthily.

Impact of Frailty, Depression, and Loneliness on Ego-Integrity in Community-Dwelling Elderly: Seon Ju Song, Sung Hee Ko, Ji Young Kim, Hyun Kyung Kim; STRESS. 2022;30(3):139-146. Published online September 30, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2022.30.3.139

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Abstract PDF: Background
This study examined how frailty, depression, and loneliness impact ego-integrity among the community-dwelling elderly
Methods
The study participants comprised 187 elderly people in J-province. Data collected in October 2018 via structured self-report questionnaires were used to assess the participants’ general characteristics, frailty, depression, loneliness, and ego-integrity. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation coefficients, and multiple regression.
Results
Significantly positive correlations were found among frailty, depression, and loneliness. Ego-integrity showed significantly negative correlations with frailty, depression, and loneliness. Finally, loneliness was a significant factor, explaining about 28.7% of the variance on ego-identity.
Conclusions
The study’s findings suggest that an intervention focused on reducing loneliness would improve ego-integrity among the elderly.

The Influence of COVID-19-Induced Depression on Smartphone Usage Time among Multicultural Adolescents and the Moderated Mediation Effect of Gender through Anxiety: RaeHyuck Lee; STRESS. 2022;30(3):147-154. Published online September 30, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2022.30.3.147

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Abstract PDF: Background
This study aimed to verify the influence of COVID-19-induced depression on smartphone usage time among multicultural adolescents, as well as the moderated mediation effect of gender through anxiety.
Methods
Using the raw data from the 2021 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey, a sample of 1,161 multicultural adolescents was recruited for this study. Models 4 and 7 of the PROCESS macro method were used for data analysis.
Results
COVID-19-induced depression among multicultural adolescents positively influenced their smartphone usage time. Moreover, their anxiety fully mediated the influence of COVID-19-induced depression on their smartphone usage time. The mediation effect of COVID-19-induced depression on smartphone usage time through anxiety was moderated by their gender.
Conclusions
The results are significant in that they provide insights for addressing the problem of smartphone usage among multicultural adolescents amid a disaster like COVID-19.

A Preliminary Study on a Short-Term Counseling Program for Victims of Interpersonal Trauma in the Military: Shin Young Park, Sung Yi Cha, Myoung-Ho Hyun; STRESS. 2022;30(3):155-162. Published online September 30, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2022.30.3.155

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Abstract PDF: Background
This preliminary study was conducted to develop a short-term counseling program for victims who experienced interpersonal trauma in the military and to verify its effectiveness.
Methods
A single group pre-post-mixed design was used for this study. Seven victims who experienced interpersonal trauma within the military participated in the program once a week for five weeks. Participants’ post-traumatic stress symptoms, degree of insomnia, depression, state anxiety, and acceptance behavior levels were assessed and compared at baseline and pre-and post-test.
Results
Participants’ post-traumatic stress symptoms, state anxiety, and depression symptoms significantly reduced and acceptance behavior significantly increased after participating in the short-term counseling program.
Conclusions
The results of this study will help explore therapeutic elements that are helpful for victims who have experienced interpersonal trauma in the military.

Re-employment Hospital Types of Early Career Nurses and Changes in Work-Life Balance: Eun-Young Kim, Yun-Kyung Oh; STRESS. 2022;30(3):163-171. Published online September 30, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2022.30.3.163

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Abstract PDF: Background
This study aimed to determine the hospital types of re-employment in early career nurses and identify differences in changes in the work-life balance according to the re-employment hospital types.
Methods
A longitudinal design was used. Participants were 90 nurses who had resigned from their first jobs and were re-employed at hospitals within two years of obtaining nurse licenses. They were recruited through a recruitment notice on the nationwide nurse online website. Data were collected twice before and after re-employment using the Internet survey method. The data were analyzed using a paired t-test, McNemar test, and repeated measures ANOVA.
Results
The nursing work environment, job satisfaction, and work-life balance were significantly increased at the re-employed workplace compared to the first job. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed that only the change in work-life balance demonstrated that the interaction between the group and time was significant in the size and type of hospital.
Conclusions
The findings show that the change in work-life balance increased more in the case of re-employment with downward size or type of hospital, compared to that of upward or the same hospital re-employment. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve the work-life balance of early career nurses. To this end, nurse managers must adjust the work patterns that cause imbalances in nurses’work-life and plan management strategies to improve self-development and growth.

Relationship between Stop Drinking Controllability, Hopelessness, Social Activity and Suicidality for Alcohol Use Disorder: Hye-Young Lee, Young-Sil Kwon, Myoung-Ho Hyun, Na-Rae Lee; STRESS. 2022;30(3):172-178. Published online September 30, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2022.30.3.172

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Abstract PDF: Background
This study aimed to examine the relationship between suicidality, stop drinking controllability, hopelessness, and social activity in a population sample of individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) and to determine how AUD contributes to suicidal behavior.
Methods
A total of 252 participants diagnosed with AUD were surveyed, and multiple regression analysis and hierarchical regression analysis were used to analyze the data.
Results
Hopelessness fully mediated the relationship between the ability to stop drinking and suicidality. At low levels of social engagement, the relationship between hopelessness and suicidality was significantly modified by social activity.
Conclusions
The results of this study suggest that patients with AUD who were unable to successfully address their drinking problem and abstain from drinking were more likely to experience hopelessness. In addition, we concluded that hopelessness can lead to suicidal ideation or suicide attempts.

An Integrative Review on Heart Health Promotion Programs for Female Workers: Jihyun Moon, Soolgi Han; STRESS. 2022;30(3):179-186. Published online September 30, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2022.30.3.179

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Abstract PDF: Background
The study aimed to identify the core components and the limitations of the programs to improve the heart health among female workers.
Methods
An integrative review was used, and the research from 1984 to 2021.
Results
Seven studies of the heart health promotion program among female workers were included. All of the studies included physical activities and was found that most of the intervention were effective in promoting heart health. However, most of the studies did not mention the details of the intervention. Although studies reviewed in this paper included psychological factors as outcome measure, none of the intervention included psychological contents.
Conclusions
This review can serve as a guidance to develop the standardized heart health promotion programs among female workers including not only physical activities but also psychological contents.

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