1서울대학교 간호대학ㆍ간호과학연구소 교수
2서울대학교 간호대학 박사과정생
3계명대학교 간호대학ㆍ간호과학연구소 조교수
4서울대학교 간호대학 명예교수
1Professor, College of Nursing·The Research Institute of Nursing Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
2Doctoral Student, College of Nursing, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
3Assistant Professor, College of Nursing·The Research Institute of Nursing Science, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
4Honorary Pofessor, College of Nursing, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
Copyright © 2024 Korean Society of Stress Medicine.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.
Funding
This work was supported by the Seoul National University Research Grant in 2023.
Study No. | Author (Year) | Title | Journal | Country | Participants | Sample size | Methodology | Measurement | Key findings |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A1 | Griffiths et al. (2003) | Operation safe haven: The needs of nurses caring for refugees | International Journal of Nursing Practice | Australia | Nurses | 13 | Qualitative research (thematic analysis; two focus group interviews, and two in-depth interviews) | N/A | Nurses overall have the necessary clinical skills, but report the need for training in specific refugee health profiles and culturally competent, trauma-sensitive care. Nurses experienced trauma-related, cultural, environmental, and role-related stressors. |
A2 | Gairns et al. (2013) | Perceptions of clinicians treating young people with first-episode psychosis for post-traumatic stress disorder | Early Intervention in Psychiatry | Australia | Case managers from an early psychosis intervention center | 16 | Mixed-method research | Designed | The perceived barriers to providing trauma-centered intervention were found to be increased mental health risk in clients with psychosis, workload pressure, and poor client engagement. The best basis for intervention was targeted training and formal professional guidance. |
A3 | Kassam-Ada ms et al. (2015) | Nurses’ views and current practice of trauma-informed pediatric nursing care | Journal of Pediatric Nursing | USA | Nurses in pediatric trauma center | 232 | Quantitative research (descriptive correlational) | The trauma provider survey | Nurses were knowledgeable and generally had favorable opinions about trauma-informed care, and the majority thought they were somewhat competent in various related skills. Their recent practice has been shown to be the most variable when it comes to teaching patients and their parents how to cope with upsetting experiences. |
A4 | Hoysted et al. (2017) | Perspectives of hospital emergency department staff on trauma-informed care for injured children: An Australian and New Zealand analysis | Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health | Australia and New Zealand | Emergency department staff | 468 ED staff (375 nursing staff and 111 medical staff) | Quantitative research (descriptive correlational) | Designed | More than 90% of nurses and medical staff had no training in trauma-informed care, and 94% wanted training in this area. Knowledge is related to previous training and profession, whereas confidence is related to previous training, experience level, and workplace. The biggest barriers to implementing trauma-informed care were lack of time and lack of training. |
A5 | Hoysted et al. (2019) | A pilot randomized controlled trial evaluating a web-based training program on pediatric medical traumatic stress and trauma-informed care for emergency department staff | Psychological Services | Australia and New Zealand | Nurse or physician working in an emergency department in Australia or New Zealand | 71 (32 training group, 39 control group) | Quantitative research (true experimental, pilot parallel group superiority randomized controlled trial) | Psychosocial Care Survey | The training group had significantly greater knowledge than the control group and reported high satisfaction. |
A6 | Klawetter et al. (2019) | Mothering in the NICU: A qualitative exploration of maternal engagement | Social Work in Health Care | USA | Mothers of infants born less than 32 weeks gestational age hospitalized in the NICU for at least 2 weeks | 14 | Qualitative research (thematic analysis) | N/A | Examples of a trauma-informed approach in the NICU include explaining diagnoses, terminology, equipment, and procedures to families in accessible language and inviting families to share in decision-making when possible. Health care providers should build relationships with families that emphasize partnership and collaboration, strategies that reduce anxiety and promote maternal participation and efficacy. Hospitals should provide opportunities to support parents’ emotional and psychological well-being, including connecting them with peer support resources. |
A7 | Linn et al. (2021) | Implementing trauma-informed strategies for mothers of infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome | The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing | USA | Neonatal team members (nurse, unit clerks, surgical technician) | 72 | Quantitative research (pre-experimental) | Designed | The mean LOS (length of stay) decreased significantly from 6.5 days to 5.1 days from the baseline period to the implementation period. There was no difference between the baseline period and the implementation period in admission for special care nursery. |
A8 | Goddard et al. (2022) | Trauma-informed care for the pediatric nurse | Journal of Pediatric Nursing | USA | N/A | N/A | Integrative literature review | N/A | Pediatric nurses are uniquely positioned to provide trauma-informed care by recognizing and managing trauma that includes chronic stressors, toxic stress, adverse childhood experiences, and abuse. |
A9 | Moss, K et al (2019) | Trauma-informed care in practice: Observed use of psychosocial care practices with children and families in a large pediatric hospital | Psychological Services | Australia | Staff in a large urban pediatric hospital (nurses, medical practitioners, allied health staff (social workers, health educators), administration staff) and patients (children) | 28 | Qualitative research (grounded theory) | N/A | The staff involved in the interview reported many benefits of psychosocial care for patients and staff, although some costs were incurred, including emotional fatigue. Most staff reported relying on factors that visually trigger distress or need before providing psychosocial care. |
A10 | Moss, K et al (2019) | Pathways to increasing the use of psychosocial care with hospitalized children | Psychological Services | Australia | Staff members within a large pediatric hospital (nurse, medical staff, allied health staff (social workers, psychologists, occupational therapists, physiotherapists, welfare workers, dieticians, and music therapist), administration staff) | 180 | Quantitative research (descriptive) | Trauma-Informed Care Provider Survey version 2.0 (modified), PROQOL (Secondary traumatic stress, Burnout) | All staff members reported receiving psychosocial care, and only 27.2% were trained in these skills. There was no significant difference in knowledge, confidence, and use of psychosocial care between professions (medical, nursing, allied health, administrative staff). Nursing staff members reported a higher number of barriers to using psychosocial care. Training was indirectly associated with more use through greater confidence and greater knowledge. |
A11 | Musliu, E et al (2019) | School Nurses’ Experiences Working With Unaccompanied Refugee Children and Adolescents: A Qualitative Study | SAGE Open Nursing | Sweden | School nurses who worked with unaccompanied refugee children and adolescents | 14 | Qualitative research (content analysis) | N/A | School nurses’ experiences working with unaccompanied refugee for children and adolescents is divided into three themes: “knowledge of trauma-informed care”, “knowledge of intercultural nursing”, and “importance of self-awareness”. |
A12 | Simons, M et al (2022) | Understanding the meaning of trauma-informed care for burns health care professionals in a pediatric hospital: A qualitative study using interpretive phenomenological analysis | BURNS | Australia | Healthcare professionals (medical, nursing, allied health, pre-graduate students) working in pediatric burn care (or their line manager) | 11 | Qualitative research (phenomenological analysis) | N/A | Across five cohorts, three superordinate themes were applicable: ‘what does trauma-informed care mean?’, ‘being able to deliver traumacare’(agency) and ‘impact of the setting’. Participants described eleven components of trauma-informed care practice (e.g., everyday interactions with patients and colleagues, screening and assessment) and service-level approaches (e.g., service provider training). |
A13 | Al-Yateem et al. (2015) | Childhood stress in healthcare settings: Awareness and suggested interventions | Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing | UAE | Healthcare professionals (nurses, doctors, physiotherapists) | 117 | Mixed method research | Designed | One-third of the participants did not recognize or did not think that their healthcare settings could cause stress in pediatric patients. The three main strategies for minimizing stress for children and their parents during treatment are providing focused information to both children and health care providers, adjusting the environment and systems to suit the needs of children, and improving the interpersonal skills and attitudes of health care professionals. |
A14 | Anastas et al. (2021) | Adverse childhood experiences and complex posttraumatic stress in pregnant teens: A pilot study | Maternal and Child Health Journal | USA | Pregnant teens | 36 | Quantitative research (descriptive correlational) | ACE measure, Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Relationship Assessment Scale (RAS), Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC), Maternal Antenatal Attachment Scale (MAAS), Health Practices in Pregnancy II (HPQ II) | More than one-third of participants reported four or more ACEs (36%), and scores on the Trauma Symptom Checklist subscales ranged from a minimum of 11% for anger to 25% for depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress. Maternal-fetal attachment was strong and pregnancy health behavior was positive. The number of ACEs was associated with traumatic stress symptoms but not with maternal fetal attachment or health behavior during pregnancy. |
A15 | Couper (2022) | Micro-preemie parents’ perceptions of trauma-informed developmental neuroprotective care and nursing support | Advances in Neonatal Care | USA | Parents of micro-preemies hospitalized in NICU | 14 | Mixed method research | Nurse Parent Support Tool (NPST) | Parents scored high on NPST (Nurse Parent Support Tool), and subscale scores were higher than all previous studies. Although four themes (emotional support, communication and education, support for caregiving, spiritual support and genuine caring) were closely associated with the subscales, the fifth theme, Praise has not been previously documented. |
A16 | Cuneo et al. (2023) | Pediatric medical traumatic stress and trauma-informed care in pediatric chronic illness: A healthcare provider survey | The Journal of Pediatrics | USA | Healthcare providers (MD/advanced practice provider, nurse, ancillary health worker, social or mental health worker) | 304 | Mixed method research | Trauma-Informed Care Provider Survey version 2.0 | Among the participants, 99% agreed that PMTS (pediatric medical traumatic stress) impacts patient health. Participants reported changes in medical plans due to PMTS, such as treatment postponement or discontinuation, and drug therapy changes. Few practiced trauma-informed care focused on PMTS. System-level barriers to practice included lack of education, absence of clinical workflows, and lack of access to mental health professionals. |
A17 | Foli et al. (2018) | Trauma-informed parenting classes delivered to rural kinship parents: A pilot study | Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association | USA | Rural-dwelling kinship parents | 16 | Mixed method research | Child Rearing Practices Report–Modified; Scale: Nurturance, Parenting Stress Index, Short Form (PSI-SF), Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire–Parent Report (SDQ), Family Environment Scale (FES) | Some items that measured parent-child nurturing and family culture, politics, and intellectual activities showed significantly lower scores than before the intervention. The theme shows dealing with the aftermath of child trauma and becoming a kinship parent. |
A18 | Bertram & McKanry (2022) | Minding the complexities of psychotropic medication management for children and youth in the foster care system: Paper 2: Levels of trauma responsiveness among child welfare staff | Archives of Psychiatric Nursing | USA | Child welfare staff | 24 (quantitative), 8 (qualitative) | Mixed method research | ABC Medication Scale | After training, the ABC Medication Scale score, consisting of three subscales related to staff knowledge, attitude, and behavior related to medications used to treat mental health symptoms, increased significantly. The majority of participants rated themselves as “trauma aware” or “trauma responsive” in the Missouri model. |
Variables | Categories | n | % | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Publication years | 2003∼2013 | 2 | 11.1 | ||
2014∼2016 | 2 | 11.1 | |||
2017∼2019 | 7 | 38.9 | |||
2020∼2023 | 7 | 38.9 | |||
Country | Australia | 5 | 27.8 | ||
Australia and New Zealand | 2 | 11.1 | |||
Sweden | 1 | 5.6 | |||
UAE | 1 | 5.6 | |||
USA | 9 | 50.0 | |||
Sector/discipline | Nursing | 10 | 55.6 | ||
Medicine | 3 | 16.7 | |||
Multidisciplinary (nursing, medicine, social work, social psychology, and psychology) | 2 | 11.1 | |||
Psychology | 2 | 11.1 | |||
Social work | 1 | 5.6 | |||
Research design | Quantitative research | Non-experimental | Descriptive | 1 | 5.6 |
Correlational | 1 | 5.6 | |||
Descriptive correlational | 2 | 11.1 | |||
Experimental | True experimental | 1 | 5.6 | ||
Pre experimental | 1 | 5.6 | |||
Qualitative research | Thematic analysis | 2 | 11.1 | ||
Phenomenological analysis | 1 | 5.6 | |||
Content analysis | 1 | 5.6 | |||
Grounded theory | 1 | 5.6 | |||
Mixed-method research | 6 | 33.3 | |||
Others | Integrative literature review | 1 | 5.6 | ||
Data collection | Quantitative research | Questionnaire | 6 | 33.3 | |
Qualitative research | Observation+Interview | 1 | 5.6 | ||
Interview | 4 | 22.2 | |||
Mixed-method research | Questionnaire+Interview | 3 | 16.7 | ||
Questionnaire only | 3 | 16.7 | |||
Others | Secondary data | 1 | 5.6 | ||
Population | HCP | Nurses | 3 | 16.7 | |
Case managers/clinicians | 1 | 5.6 | |||
Nurses and doctors | 2 | 11.1 | |||
Allied health professionals | 1 | 5.6 | |||
Nurses, doctors, and allied health professionals | 2 | 11.1 | |||
HCPs and students | Nurses, doctors, allied health professionals, and pre-graduate students | 1 | 5.6 | ||
HCPs and administration staff | Nurses, doctors, and administration staff | 2 | 11.1 | ||
HCPs, administration staff, and patients | Nurses, doctors, administration staff, and patients (children) | 1 | 5.6 | ||
Mother/parents | 3 | 16.7 | |||
Child (pregnant teens) | 1 | 5.6 | |||
Not applicable (e.g., review) | 1 | 5.6 | |||
Sample size | Quantitative research | ≤100 | 3 | ||
101∼200 | 1 | ||||
201∼300 | 1 | ||||
≥301 | 1 | ||||
Qualitative research | Min∼Max | 11∼28 | |||
Mixed-method research | Min∼Max | 14∼304 |
HCP: health care professional.