, 현명호2
, Myoung-Ho Hyun2
1중앙대학교 심리학과 대학원생
2중앙대학교 심리학과 교수
1Graduate Student, Department of Psychology, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
2Professor, Department of Psychology, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
Copyright © 2022 Korean Society of Stress Medicine.
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| YFAS 2.0 | YFAS-C |
|---|---|
| 1) Substance taken in larger amount or over a longer period than was originally intended | |
| 2) Persistent desire to cut down or regulate substance use; may report multiple unsuccessful efforts to decrease or discontinue use | |
| 3) Great deal of time spent obtaining the substance, using the substance, or recovering from its effects | |
| 4) Important social, occupational, or recreational activities given up or reduced because of substance use | |
| 5) Continued substance use despite knowledge of persistent or recurrent physical or psychological consequences | |
| 6) Tolerance | |
| 7) Withdrawal | |
| 8) Continued use despite persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems | N/A |
| 9) Failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home | N/A |
| 10) Recurrent substance use in situations in which it is physically hazardous | N/A |
| 11) Craving | N/A |
| 12) Use causes clinically significant impairment or distress | |
| Specify (severity): mild: only 2∼3 in criteria, moderate: 4∼5 in criteria, severe: ≥6 in criteria | N/A |
| Categories | Authors | Year | Research Design | Diagnostic Criteria | Variables |
Summary | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Similarities | Differences | ||||||
| Substance use disorder (SUD) | Pai et al. [14] | 2014 | - Perspective article (viewpoint) | DSM-5 | - Impaired control; lack of regulating the substance use or food craving | - Strong craving may stem from innate ancestral drive by evolutionary perspective | ∙ FA is seen as a ‘true’ addiction |
| - Social impairment; reduction in other activities (e.g. social, interpersonal) | - FA may not have serious impairment for social function (eat to survive and gather) | ∙ FA is related with criteria of addiction (have the same neuronal pathways; the dopamine pathways are disrupted) | |||||
| - Risky use; to use despite psychological, physical problems are occur | - FA is difficult to distinguish the withdrawal symptoms and normal drive | ∙ Need to further research for verify the condition and validity of FA | |||||
| - Pharmacological criteria; tolerance and withdrawal by the reduction of dopamine | |||||||
| Binge eating disorder (BED) | Bak-Sosnowska et al. [18] | 2017 | - Systemic review; scientific publications are searched from 2005 to 2016 available in PubMed | DSM-5 | - Overeating despite the lack of objective hunger | - Only BED has body concern; about body weight and shape | ∙ There are some differences between BED and FA |
| - Eating up to an unpleasant feeling of fullness | - Only FA has addiction symptoms (e.g. tolerance, withdrawal | ∙ Main differences: function of food, eating circumstances, reaction to the unavailability of food, awareness of the problem | |||||
| - Limited eating control and low eating manners | - After overeating, only BED has negative mood effect (e.g. shame and guilty) | ∙ Need to appropriate diagnosis of FA and BED for the treatment of obese patients | |||||
| - Continuing the eating behavior despite the occurring various matters | - BED patients are conscious of others about eating, but FA patients don't care too much | ||||||
| - A high level of impulsivity | - FA patients are neglect some tasks or relationship for eating, but BED patients overeat in free time | ||||||
| - Likelihood of coexisting anxiety and mood disorder | - If they can’t eat food, FA increases anxiety and anger, but BED do not; in protecting mental discomfort after eating | ||||||
| Behavioral addiction/Non-substance use disorder | Extandi et al. [35] | 2021 | - Survey research | DSM-5 | - Difficulty in regulating behavior; eating, gambling | - Gender-related differences; men in GD, woman in FA has observed frequently | ∙ Addressing the mechanisms and neurobiological factors about FA is important for a better understanding the relevance of FA and GD |
| - Participants: 867 GD patients (FA was in 8.3% of GD patients) | - Impaired executive function | ||||||
| - Association with psychopathology | ∙ Need to understand how FA and GD have common features in light of gender difference | ||||||
| - Involvement of maladaptive emotional regulation; gamble or eat to alleviate negative emotion | ∙ Exist the specific vulnerable group for FA among GD patients (e.g. among woman with GD, low socioeconomic status, co-occurring psychopathology may be relevant to FA) | ||||||
| - Having the impulsivity is common; impact on development and maintenance of the behavior | |||||||
Table compares the symptoms on two versions of the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS): YFAS 2.0 (based on substance use disorder diagnostic criteria in DSM-5), YFAS-C (based on substance dependence diagnostic criteria in DSM-Ⅳ), N/A: Not applicable.
DSM: diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder, FA: food addiction, BED: binge eating disorder, GD: gambling disorder.