1중앙대학교 심리학과 대학원생
2중앙대학교 심리학과 교수
1Graduate Student, Department of Psychology, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
2Professor, Department of Psychology, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
Copyright © 2022 Korean Society of Stress Medicine.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.
Funding
This research was supported by the Chung-Ang University Research Scholarship Grants in 2021.
Categories | Authors | Year | Research Design | Diagnostic Criteria |
Variables |
Summary | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Similarities | Differences | ||||||
Substance use disorder (SUD) | Pai et al. [14] | 2014 | - Perspective article (viewpoint) | DSM-5 | - Impaired control; lack of regulating the substance use or food craving | - Strong craving may stem from innate ancestral drive by evolutionary perspective | ∙ FA is seen as a ‘true’ addiction |
- Social impairment; reduction in other activities (e.g. social, interpersonal) | - FA may not have serious impairment for social function (eat to survive and gather) | ∙ FA is related with criteria of addiction (have the same neuronal pathways; the dopamine pathways are disrupted) | |||||
- Risky use; to use despite psychological, physical problems are occur | - FA is difficult to distinguish the withdrawal symptoms and normal drive | ∙ Need to further research for verify the condition and validity of FA | |||||
- Pharmacological criteria; tolerance and withdrawal by the reduction of dopamine | |||||||
Binge eating disorder (BED) | Bak-Sosnowska et al. [18] | 2017 | - Systemic review; scientific publications are searched from 2005 to 2016 available in PubMed | DSM-5 | - Overeating despite the lack of objective hunger | - Only BED has body concern; about body weight and shape | ∙ There are some differences between BED and FA |
- Eating up to an unpleasant feeling of fullness | - Only FA has addiction symptoms (e.g. tolerance, withdrawal | ∙ Main differences: function of food, eating circumstances, reaction to the unavailability of food, awareness of the problem | |||||
- Limited eating control and low eating manners | - After overeating, only BED has negative mood effect (e.g. shame and guilty) | ∙ Need to appropriate diagnosis of FA and BED for the treatment of obese patients | |||||
- Continuing the eating behavior despite the occurring various matters | - BED patients are conscious of others about eating, but FA patients don't care too much | ||||||
- A high level of impulsivity | - FA patients are neglect some tasks or relationship for eating, but BED patients overeat in free time | ||||||
- Likelihood of coexisting anxiety and mood disorder | - If they can’t eat food, FA increases anxiety and anger, but BED do not; in protecting mental discomfort after eating | ||||||
Behavioral addiction/Non-substance use disorder | Extandi et al. [35] | 2021 | - Survey research | DSM-5 | - Difficulty in regulating behavior; eating, gambling | - Gender-related differences; men in GD, woman in FA has observed frequently | ∙ Addressing the mechanisms and neurobiological factors about FA is important for a better understanding the relevance of FA and GD |
- Participants: 867 GD patients (FA was in 8.3% of GD patients) | - Impaired executive function | ||||||
- Association with psychopathology | ∙ Need to understand how FA and GD have common features in light of gender difference | ||||||
- Involvement of maladaptive emotional regulation; gamble or eat to alleviate negative emotion | ∙ Exist the specific vulnerable group for FA among GD patients (e.g. among woman with GD, low socioeconomic status, co-occurring psychopathology may be relevant to FA) | ||||||
- Having the impulsivity is common; impact on development and maintenance of the behavior |
YFAS 2.0 | YFAS-C |
---|---|
1) Substance taken in larger amount or over a longer period than was originally intended | |
2) Persistent desire to cut down or regulate substance use; may report multiple unsuccessful efforts to decrease or discontinue use | |
3) Great deal of time spent obtaining the substance, using the substance, or recovering from its effects | |
4) Important social, occupational, or recreational activities given up or reduced because of substance use | |
5) Continued substance use despite knowledge of persistent or recurrent physical or psychological consequences | |
6) Tolerance | |
7) Withdrawal | |
8) Continued use despite persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems | N/A |
9) Failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home | N/A |
10) Recurrent substance use in situations in which it is physically hazardous | N/A |
11) Craving | N/A |
12) Use causes clinically significant impairment or distress | |
Specify (severity): mild: only 2∼3 in criteria, moderate: 4∼5 in criteria, severe: ≥6 in criteria | N/A |
Categories | Authors | Year | Research Design | Diagnostic Criteria | Variables |
Summary | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Similarities | Differences | ||||||
Substance use disorder (SUD) | Pai et al. [14] | 2014 | - Perspective article (viewpoint) | DSM-5 | - Impaired control; lack of regulating the substance use or food craving | - Strong craving may stem from innate ancestral drive by evolutionary perspective | ∙ FA is seen as a ‘true’ addiction |
- Social impairment; reduction in other activities (e.g. social, interpersonal) | - FA may not have serious impairment for social function (eat to survive and gather) | ∙ FA is related with criteria of addiction (have the same neuronal pathways; the dopamine pathways are disrupted) | |||||
- Risky use; to use despite psychological, physical problems are occur | - FA is difficult to distinguish the withdrawal symptoms and normal drive | ∙ Need to further research for verify the condition and validity of FA | |||||
- Pharmacological criteria; tolerance and withdrawal by the reduction of dopamine | |||||||
Binge eating disorder (BED) | Bak-Sosnowska et al. [18] | 2017 | - Systemic review; scientific publications are searched from 2005 to 2016 available in PubMed | DSM-5 | - Overeating despite the lack of objective hunger | - Only BED has body concern; about body weight and shape | ∙ There are some differences between BED and FA |
- Eating up to an unpleasant feeling of fullness | - Only FA has addiction symptoms (e.g. tolerance, withdrawal | ∙ Main differences: function of food, eating circumstances, reaction to the unavailability of food, awareness of the problem | |||||
- Limited eating control and low eating manners | - After overeating, only BED has negative mood effect (e.g. shame and guilty) | ∙ Need to appropriate diagnosis of FA and BED for the treatment of obese patients | |||||
- Continuing the eating behavior despite the occurring various matters | - BED patients are conscious of others about eating, but FA patients don't care too much | ||||||
- A high level of impulsivity | - FA patients are neglect some tasks or relationship for eating, but BED patients overeat in free time | ||||||
- Likelihood of coexisting anxiety and mood disorder | - If they can’t eat food, FA increases anxiety and anger, but BED do not; in protecting mental discomfort after eating | ||||||
Behavioral addiction/Non-substance use disorder | Extandi et al. [35] | 2021 | - Survey research | DSM-5 | - Difficulty in regulating behavior; eating, gambling | - Gender-related differences; men in GD, woman in FA has observed frequently | ∙ Addressing the mechanisms and neurobiological factors about FA is important for a better understanding the relevance of FA and GD |
- Participants: 867 GD patients (FA was in 8.3% of GD patients) | - Impaired executive function | ||||||
- Association with psychopathology | ∙ Need to understand how FA and GD have common features in light of gender difference | ||||||
- Involvement of maladaptive emotional regulation; gamble or eat to alleviate negative emotion | ∙ Exist the specific vulnerable group for FA among GD patients (e.g. among woman with GD, low socioeconomic status, co-occurring psychopathology may be relevant to FA) | ||||||
- Having the impulsivity is common; impact on development and maintenance of the behavior |
Table compares the symptoms on two versions of the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS): YFAS 2.0 (based on substance use disorder diagnostic criteria in DSM-5), YFAS-C (based on substance dependence diagnostic criteria in DSM-Ⅳ), N/A: Not applicable.
DSM: diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder, FA: food addiction, BED: binge eating disorder, GD: gambling disorder.