1육군사관학교 심리경영학과 부교수
2육군사관학교 심리경영학과 교수
1Associate Professor, Department of Psychology and Management, Korea Military Academy, Seoul, Korea
2Porfessor, Department of Psychology and Management, Korea Military Academy, Seoul, Korea
Copyright © 2022 Korean Society of Stress Medicine.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.
Funding
This study was supported by 2022 research fund of Korea Military Academy (Hwarangdae Research Institute).
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r |
||||||||
1. Killing | - | |||||||
2. Combat exposure | .29c) | - | ||||||
3. PTSD symptoms | .18b) | .17b) | - | |||||
4. Anxiety symptoms | .24c) | .18b) | .78c) | - | ||||
5. Hostility | .24c) | .11a) | .73c) | .85c) | - | |||
6. Perceived physical health | −.18b) | −.18b) | −.36c) | −.33c) | −.32c) | - | ||
7. Optimism | −.03 | −.05 | −.31c) | −.23c) | −.26c) | .16b) | - | |
8. Social support | −.07 | −.04 | −.12a) | −.08 | −.16b) | .20c) | .18b) | - |
M | 0.36 | 0.87 | 27.82 | 8.03 | 6.08 | 2.58 | 13.20 | 9.47 |
SD | 0.48 | 0.34 | 17.30 | 5.71 | 4.67 | 0.78 | 2.65 | 2.93 |
Range | 0 or 1 | 0 or 1 | 0∼80 | 0∼24 | 0∼20 | 1∼5 | 0∼24 | 3∼15 |
Group 1 (n=46) Neither CE nor killing |
Group 2 (n=174) Only CE |
Group 3 (n=122) Both CE and killing |
ANOVA | Post-hoc analysis (Scheffé) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | F (df) | η2 | |||
PTSD symptoms | 20.61 (16.03) | 26.84 (16.68) | 31.99 (17.66) | F (2, 316)=.70b) | 0.05 | 3>1, 2 | |
Re-experiencing | 4.69 (4.03) | 6.93 (4.88) | 8.74 (5.15) | F (2, 316)=11.87c) | 0.07 | 3>2>1 | |
Avoidance | 1.98 (1.79) | 2.71 (1.86) | 3.32 (2.01) | F (2, 311)=8.33c) | 0.05 | 3>1 | |
Negative alteration in cognitive and mood | 7.07 (6.33) | 9.08 (6.18) | 10.23 (6.33) | F (2, 303)=3.99a) | 0.03 | 3>1 | |
Alteration in arousal and reactivity | 6.84 (5.26) | 8.21 (5.31) | 9.82 (5.99) | F (2, 305)=5.18b) | 0.03 | 3>1 | |
Anxiety symptoms | 5.93 (4.33) | 7.85 (5.35) | 10.18 (6.05) | F (2, 327)=11.74c) | 0.07 | 3>1, 2 | |
Hostility | 4.76 (4.35) | 5.39 (4.29) | 7.57 (4.96) | F (2, 329)=10.21c) | 0.06 | 3>1, 2 | |
Perceived physical health | 2.93 (0.88) | 2.61 (0.78) | 2.39 (0.68) | F (2, 331)=8.76c) | 0.05 | 1>2, 3 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r |
||||||||
1. Killing | - | |||||||
2. Combat exposure | .29 |
- | ||||||
3. PTSD symptoms | .18 |
.17 |
- | |||||
4. Anxiety symptoms | .24 |
.18 |
.78 |
- | ||||
5. Hostility | .24 |
.11 |
.73 |
.85 |
- | |||
6. Perceived physical health | −.18 |
−.18 |
−.36 |
−.33 |
−.32 |
- | ||
7. Optimism | −.03 | −.05 | −.31 |
−.23 |
−.26 |
.16 |
- | |
8. Social support | −.07 | −.04 | −.12 |
−.08 | −.16 |
.20 |
.18 |
- |
M | 0.36 | 0.87 | 27.82 | 8.03 | 6.08 | 2.58 | 13.20 | 9.47 |
SD | 0.48 | 0.34 | 17.30 | 5.71 | 4.67 | 0.78 | 2.65 | 2.93 |
Range | 0 or 1 | 0 or 1 | 0∼80 | 0∼24 | 0∼20 | 1∼5 | 0∼24 | 3∼15 |
Group 1 (n=46) Neither CE nor killing |
Group 2 (n=174) Only CE |
Group 3 (n=122) Both CE and killing |
ANOVA | Post-hoc analysis (Scheffé) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | F (df) | η2 | |||
PTSD symptoms | 20.61 (16.03) | 26.84 (16.68) | 31.99 (17.66) | F (2, 316)=.70 |
0.05 | 3>1, 2 | |
Re-experiencing | 4.69 (4.03) | 6.93 (4.88) | 8.74 (5.15) | F (2, 316)=11.87 |
0.07 | 3>2>1 | |
Avoidance | 1.98 (1.79) | 2.71 (1.86) | 3.32 (2.01) | F (2, 311)=8.33 |
0.05 | 3>1 | |
Negative alteration in cognitive and mood | 7.07 (6.33) | 9.08 (6.18) | 10.23 (6.33) | F (2, 303)=3.99 |
0.03 | 3>1 | |
Alteration in arousal and reactivity | 6.84 (5.26) | 8.21 (5.31) | 9.82 (5.99) | F (2, 305)=5.18 |
0.03 | 3>1 | |
Anxiety symptoms | 5.93 (4.33) | 7.85 (5.35) | 10.18 (6.05) | F (2, 327)=11.74 |
0.07 | 3>1, 2 | |
Hostility | 4.76 (4.35) | 5.39 (4.29) | 7.57 (4.96) | F (2, 329)=10.21 |
0.06 | 3>1, 2 | |
Perceived physical health | 2.93 (0.88) | 2.61 (0.78) | 2.39 (0.68) | F (2, 331)=8.76 |
0.05 | 1>2, 3 |
M: Mean, SD: standard deviation, PTSD: post-traumatic stress disorder. p<.05, p<.01, p<.001.
CE: combat exposure, PTSD: post-traumatic stress disorder. p<.05, p<.01, p<.001.