1와이디 정신건강의학과의원 원장
2양산부산대학교병원 정신건강의학과 전임의
3마음향기병원 정신건강의학과 과장
4양산부산대학교병원 정신건강의학과 교수
1Director, YD Psychiatric Clinic, Busan, Korea
2Fellow, Department of Psychiatry, Busan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
3Section Chief, Maum Hyang Gi Hospital, Busan, Korea
4Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Busan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
Copyright © 2021 by stress. All rights reserved.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.
Funding
This study was supported by a 2021 research grant from Busan National University Yangsan Hospital.
Variable | n (%) | Mean±SD | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 89 (22.6) | |
Female | 305 (77.4) | ||
Stress coping style | Active coping | 246 (62.4) | |
Passive coping | 148 (37.6) | ||
Taking propranolol | No | 339 (86.0) | |
Yes | 54 (13.7) | ||
No response | 1 (0.3) | ||
Practice time | 2.8±0.9 |
Variable | Stress coping style | χ2 or t/F | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Active coping (n=246) | Passive coping (n=148) | |||
Male, n (%) | 64 (26.0) | 25 (16.9) | 4.400 | .036 |
Female, n (%) | 182 (74.0) | 123 (83.1) | ||
Practice time (hour) | 2.9±0.9 | 2.8±1.0 | 1.234 | .218 |
Frequency of drug use | 3.3±0.6 | 3.8±0.6 | 2.193 | .032 |
Music performance anxiety | 102.0±34.5 | 120.5±29.9 | −5.620 | <.001 |
Perfectionism | 97.9±22.4 | 102.5±23.0 | −1.989 | .047 |
LSAS, anxiety | 16.1±14.0 | 23.8±16.9 | −4.689 | <.001 |
LSAS, avoidance | 13.5±13.3 | 21.2±16.7 | −4.792 | <.001 |
Variable | Taking propranolol | χ2 or t/F | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
No (n=339) | Yes (n=54) | |||
Male, n (%) | 80 (23.6) | 9 (16.7) | 1.278 | .258 |
Female, n (%) | 259 (76.4) | 45 (83.3) | −3.255 | .002 |
Practice time (hour) | 2.8±0.9 | 3.1±0.7 | −1.300 | .194 |
Music performance anxiety | 108.1±34.3 | 114.6±32.4 | −1.862 | .063 |
Perfectionism | 98.7±22.6 | 104.9±22.9 | 0.643 | .520 |
LSAS, anxiety | 19.2±15.7 | 17.7±14.5 | 1.638 | .102 |
LSAS, avoidance | 16.9±15.5 | 13.2±12.6 | 0.004 | .952 |
Stress coping style, n (%) | 339 (100.0) | 54 (100.0) | ||
Active coping, n (%) | 212 (62.5) | 34 (63.0) | ||
Passive coping, n (%) | 127 (37.5) | 20 (37.0) |
Variable | n (%) | |
---|---|---|
First time to take the drug | Middle school grade 1 | 6 (11.3) |
Middle school grade 2 | 5 (9.4) | |
Middle school grade 3 | 19 (35.8) | |
High school grade 1 | 13 (24.5) | |
High school grade 2 | 9 (17.0) | |
Other | 1 (1.9) | |
Recommendations for use of drug | Doctor | 1 (1.9) |
Parents | 2 (3.8) | |
Acquaintance | 9 (17.0) | |
Teacher | 27 (50.9) | |
Self | 14 (26.4) | |
Drug acquisition | Doctor’s prescription | 24 (45.3) |
Obtained from parents | 5 (9.4) | |
Obtained from friend | 8 (15.1) | |
Obtained from teacher | 13 (24.5) | |
Other | 3 (5.7) | |
Subjective effect of a propranolol (overlap) | Reduced heart rate | 27 (47.4) |
Reduce tremor (hands, voices, legs) | 15 (26.3) | |
Reduced muscle tension | 3 (5.3) | |
Other | 1 (1.8) | |
No effect | 11 (19.3) | |
Side effects of taking propranolol (overlap) | Dizziness | 2 (5.6) |
Nausea | 2 (5.6) | |
Numbness in the hands and feet | 2 (5.6) | |
Decreased concentration | 6 (16.7) | |
Abdominal pain, diarrhea | 2 (5.6) | |
Fatigue, drowsiness | 14 (38.9) | |
Other | 8 (22.2) | |
Propranolol dependence | Not difficult | 3 (66.0) |
Somewhat difficult | 16 (30.2) | |
Very difficult | 2 (3.8) |
Variable | Category | Music performance anxiety | χ2 or t/F | p-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower (n=197) | Higher (n=197) | |||||
Male, n (%) | 47 (23.9) | 42 (21.3) | 0.363 | .547 | ||
Female, n (%) | 150 (76.1) | 155 (78.7) | ||||
Practice time (hour) | 2.9±0.9 | 2.8±0.9 | 1.212 | .226 | ||
Perfectionism | 91.4±23.0 | 107.8±19.3 | −7.655 | <.001 | ||
LSAS | Anxiety | 14.2±13.0 | 23.8±16.4 | −6.420 | <.001 | |
LSAS | Avoidance | 11.9±12.9 | 20.9±15.9 | −6.116 | <.001 | |
Stress coping style, n (%) | Active coping | 143 (72.6) | 103 (52.3) | 17.315 | <.001 | |
Passive coping | 54 (27.4) | 94 (47.7) |
Variable | Active coping | Passive coping | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | SE | Wald | p-value | Exp (B) | B | SE | Wald | p-value | Exp (B) | ||
Gender | −1.154 | 0.545 | 4.478 | .034 | 0.315 | 0.410 | 0.634 | 0.418 | .518 | 1.507 | |
Practice time (hour) | 0.638 | 0.249 | 6.560 | .010 | 1.892 | 0.247 | 0.260 | 0.903 | .342 | 1.280 | |
Music performance anxiety | 0.004 | 0.006 | 0.334 | .564 | 1.004 | 0.006 | 0.010 | 0.339 | .560 | 1.006 | |
Perfectionism | 0.012 | 0.010 | 1.600 | .206 | 1.012 | 0.007 | 0.013 | 0.316 | .574 | 1.007 | |
LSAS, anxiety | 0.011 | 0.026 | 0.186 | .666 | 1.011 | 0.043 | 0.028 | 2.460 | .117 | 1.044 | |
LSAS, avoidance | −0.034 | 0.028 | 1.495 | .221 | 0.966 | −0.065 | 0.031 | 4.466 | .035 | 0.937 | |
χ2 (df), p-value | 16.457(6), .012 | 6.774(6), .034 | |||||||||
Hosmer-Lemeshow χ2 (df), p-value | 6.250(8), .619 | 5.053(8), .752 |
Mean±SD: Mean±standard deviation.
Mean±SD: Mean±standard deviation, LSAS: Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale.
Mean±SD: Mean±standard deviation, LSAS: Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale.
LSAS: Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, SE: Standard Error.