부산대학교 심리학과
Department of Psychology, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
Copyright © 2021 by stress. All rights reserved.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.
Funding
This study was supported by a two-year research grant from Pusan National University.
Variables | Completers (N=247) | Non-completers (N=91) | t/χ2 | |
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Mean±SD or n (%) | Mean±SD or n (%) | |||
Age (yr) | 20.80±1.99 | 20.51±2.09 | −1.10 | |
Sex | ||||
Male | 78 (31.6) | 43 (47.3) | 7.11** | |
Female | 169 (68.4) | 48 (52.7) | ||
Religion (n=246/n=88) | ||||
Have | 95 (38.6) | 38 (43.2) | 0.56 | |
None | 151 (61.4) | 50 (56.8) | ||
Year of study | ||||
Freshmen | 79 (32.0) | 45 (49.5) | 9.94* | |
Sophomore | 59 (23.9) | 12 (13.2) | ||
Junior | 71 (28.7) | 23 (25.3) | ||
Senior | 38 (15.4) | 11 (12.0) | ||
Part-time job | ||||
None | 157 (63.6) | 61 (67.0) | 0.35 | |
Have | 90 (36.4) | 30 (33.0) | ||
Income level (n=182/n=69) | ||||
BLSR,1~2 | 53 (29.1) | 27 (39.2) | 3.46 | |
3~6 | 46 (25.3) | 19 (27.5) | ||
7~10 | 83 (45.6) | 23 (33.3) | ||
Education: father (n=235/n=88) (yrs) | ||||
≥9 yrs | 13 (5.5) | 2 (2.3) | 1.58 | |
12 yrs | 83 (35.3) | 31 (35.2) | ||
≤16 yrs | 139 (59.2) | 55 (62.5) | ||
Education: mother (n=242/n=88) (yrs) | ||||
≥9 years | 13 (5.4) | 4 (4.6) | 0.10 | |
12 years | 113 (46.7) | 42 (47.7) | ||
≤16 years | 116 (47.9) | 42 (47.7) | ||
SSS | 5.26 (1.52) | 5.43 (1.62) | 0.89 | |
PSI total | 3.88±0.62 | 3.87±0.61 | −0.24 | |
Opportunity for education | 3.21±1.17 | 3.22±1.09 | 0.10 | |
Opportunity for employment | 3.98±0.86 | 4.13±0.85 | 1.41 | |
Opportunity for advancement | 4.15±0.78 | 4.08±0.86 | −0.77 | |
Law enforcement | 4.04±1.00 | 4.21±0.91 | 1.44 | |
Treatment of women | 3.58±1.03 | 3.39±1.07 | −1.48 | |
Income and property | 4.36±0.81 | 4.29±0.74 | −0.70 | |
Regional disparity | 3.89±0.85 | 3.78±0.90 | −1.04 | |
Anxiety | ||||
No (GAD-7<10) | 206 (83.4) | 84 (92.3) | 4.33* | |
Yes (GAD-7≥10) | 41 (16.6) | 7 (7.7) | ||
Anxiety score | 4.93±4.73 | 3.82±3.81 | −1.99 | |
Depression | ||||
No (CES-D<16) | 125 (50.6) | 48 (52.7) | 0.12 | |
Yes (CES-D≥16) | 122 (49.4) | 43 (47.3) | ||
Depression score | 17.89±10.84 | 16.45±9.68 | −1.11 |
Domains | Sex | t | Religion | t | Part-time job | t | ||||||
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Male (n=78) | Female (n=169) | No (n=151) | Yes (n=95) | No (n=157) | Yes (n=90) | |||||||
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Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |||||||
PSI total | 3.64 (0.70) | 4.00 (0.54) | −4.35** | 3.86 (0.62) | 3.94 (0.61) | 0.03 | 3.89 (0.65) | 3.89 (0.57) | −0.07 | |||
Opportunity for education | 3.08 (1.22) | 3.27 (1.14) | −1.19 | 3.14 (1.11) | 3.33 (1.21) | 1.18 | 3.22 (1.19) | 3.18 (1.13) | 0.29 | |||
Opportunity for employment | 3.61 (1.04) | 4.16 (0.70) | −4.81** | 3.92 (0.89) | 4.09 (0.81) | 0.58 | 3.98 (0.89) | 3.99 (0.80) | −0.07 | |||
Opportunity for advancement | 3.86 (0.89) | 4.28 (0.69) | −3.94** | 4.13 (0.80) | 4.19 (0.76) | 0.33 | 4.12 (0.84) | 4.21 (0.67) | −0.97 | |||
Law enforcement | 3.80 (1.15) | 4.14 (0.91) | −2.48* | 4.01 (1.03) | 4.06 (0.97) | 0.47 | 4.01 (1.02) | 4.08 (0.98) | −0.49 | |||
Treatment of women | 3.05 (1.08) | 3.81 (0.91) | −5.73** | 3.53 (1.07) | 3.68 (0.96) | 0.34 | 3.54 (1.07) | 3.64 (0.96) | −0.71 | |||
Income & property | 4.19 (1.04) | 4.44 (0.67) | −2.18* | 4.34 (0.84) | 4.41 (0.76) | 2.04 | 4.37 (0.87) | 4.35 (0.71) | 0.18 | |||
Regional disparity | 3.80 (0.95) | 3.92 (0.81) | −0.95 | 3.90 (0.85) | 3.87 (0.86) | 1.14 | 3.93 (0.89) | 3.82 (0.79) | 0.94 |
Domains | Year of study | F | Income level | F | ||||||||||
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Freshmen (n=79) | Sophomore(n=59) | Junior(n=71) | Senior (n=38) | BLSR, 1~2 (n=53) | 3~6(n=46) | 7~10(n=83) | ||||||||
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Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||||||||
PSI total | 3.79 (0.61) | 3.93 (0.57) | 3.86 (0.69) | 4.06 (0.55) | 1.71 | 3.94 (0.65) | 3.92 (0.54) | 3.92 (0.63) | 0.03 | |||||
Opportunity for education | 2.94 (1.21) | 3.40 (1.13) | 3.24 (1.13) | 3.40 (1.13) | 2.38 | 3.11 (1.26) | 3.17 (1.04) | 3.41 (1.22) | 1.18 | |||||
Opportunity for employment | 3.99 (0.87) | 4.00 (0.86) | 3.85 (0.89) | 4.21 (0.78) | 1.51 | 4.08 (0.78) | 3.91 (0.84) | 4.06 (0.87) | 0.58 | |||||
Opportunity for advancement | 4.10 (0.70) | 4.09 (0.84) | 4.16 (0.86) | 4.35 (0.68) | 1.03 | 4.20 (0.69) | 4.07 (0.85) | 4.6 (0.82) | 0.33 | |||||
Law enforcement | 3.97 (0.97) | 4.07 (1.01) | 3.94 (1.09) | 4.29 (0.87) | 1.13 | 4.17 (0.98) | 4.20 (0.94) | 4.05 (0.93) | 0.47 | |||||
Treatment of women | 3.54 (0.97) | 3.52 (0.98) | 3.66 (1.09) | 3.61 (1.13) | 0.25 | 3.73 (1.09) | 3.57 (0.97) | 3.67 (0.94) | 0.34 | |||||
Income & propertya) | 4.20 (0.87) | 4.47 (0.80) | 4.39 (0.82) | 4.57 (0.60) | 3.00* | 4.49 (0.70) | 4.51 (0.76) | 4.27 (0.82) | 2.04 | |||||
Regional disparity | 3.82 (0.76) | 3.95 (0.80) | 3.82 (0.93) | 4.05 (0.94) | 0.86 | 3.83 (0.92) | 4.02 (0.76) | 3.80 (0.75) | 1.14 |
Domains | Father's education | F | Mother's education | F | ||||||||
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≥9 years(n=13) | 12 years(n=83) | ≤16 years(n=139) | ≥9 years(n=13) | 12 years(n=113) | ≤16 years(n=116) | |||||||
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |||||||
PSI total | 3.83 (0.54) | 3.88 (0.64) | 3.91 (0.61) | 0.13 | 3.99 (0.46) | 3.83 (0.64) | 3.94 (0.62) | 1.11 | ||||
Opportunity for education | 3.08 (1.19) | 3.10 (1.13) | 3.29 (1.19) | 0.79 | 3.08 (0.95) | 3.10 (1.18) | 3.33 (1.18) | 1.28 | ||||
Opportunity for employment | 3.77 (0.93) | 3.95 (0.86) | 4.04 (0.85) | 0.71 | 4.23 (0.73) | 3.91 (0.91) | 4.04 (0.84) | 1.12 | ||||
Opportunity for advancement | 3.91 (0.70) | 4.15 (0.81) | 4.20 (0.77) | 0.72 | 4.08 (0.67) | 4.18 (0.81) | 4.16 (0.77) | 0.09 | ||||
Law enforcement | 4.31 (0.75) | 4.05 (1.05) | 4.01 (1.01) | 0.53 | 4.31 (0.85) | 3.98 (1.07) | 4.06 (0.97) | 0.66 | ||||
Treatment of women | 3.38 (1.12) | 3.57 (1.04) | 3.60 (1.03) | 0.26 | 3.62 (1.12) | 3.42 (1.03) | 3.71 (1.01) | 2.16 | ||||
Income & property | 4.54 (0.66) | 4.34 (0.84) | 4.37 (0.81) | 0.34 | 4.62 (0.51) | 4.28 (0.87) | 4.42 (0.77) | 1.50 | ||||
Regional disparity | 3.92 (0.79) | 3.94 (0.94) | 3.88 (0.82) | 0.14 | 4.08 (1.04) | 3.89 (0.89) | 3.88 (0.80) | 0.33 |
Variables | Depression (N=165) | Anxiety (N=165) | |||||||
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B | Wald χ2 | Exp (B) | 95% CI | B | Wald χ2 | Exp (B) | 95% CI | ||
Age | 0.01 | 0.01 | 1.01 | 0.81~1.27 | 0.17 | 0.76 | 1.19 | 0.81~1.74 | |
Sex | |||||||||
Female | 0.66 | 3.98* | 1.93 | 1.01~3.68 | 1.77 | 6.20** | 5.89 | 1.46~23.79 | |
Male | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Religion | |||||||||
None | 0.03 | 0.01 | 1.03 | 0.59~1.80 | 0.83 | 3.26 | 2.30 | 0.93~5.69 | |
Have | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Year of study | |||||||||
Freshmen | −0.10 | 0.02 | 0.91 | 0.27~3.05 | 1.14 | 1.30 | 3.14 | 0.44~22.41 | |
Sophomore | −0.44 | 0.74 | 0.64 | 0.23~1.76 | 0.67 | 0.70 | 1.96 | 0.40~9.46 | |
Junior | −0.23 | 0.27 | 0.79 | 0.34~1.88 | 0.22 | 0.11 | 1.24 | 0.35~4.46 | |
Senior | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Part-time job | |||||||||
Have | 0.43 | 2.70 | 1.54 | 0.92~2.56 | 0.62 | 2.35 | 1.86 | 0.84~4.12 | |
None | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Income level | |||||||||
BLSR, 1~2 | −0.15 | 0.21 | 0.86 | 0.46~1.63 | -0.26 | 0.21 | 0.77 | 0.26~2.33 | |
3~6 | −0.11 | 0.10 | 0.90 | 0.45~1.77 | −0.11 | 0.04 | 0.89 | 0.31~2.59 | |
7~10 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Education: father | |||||||||
≥9 years | −0.36 | 0.42 | 0.70 | 0.24~2.06 | −0.58 | 0.38 | 0.56 | 0.09~3.55 | |
12 years | −0.04 | 0.02 | 0.96 | 0.51~1.80 | 0.29 | 0.36 | 1.33 | 0.53~3.37 | |
≤16 years | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Education: mother | |||||||||
≥9 years | 0.30 | 0.24 | 1.35 | 0.41~4.53 | 0.86 | 0.95 | 2.37 | 0.42~13.33 | |
12 years | −0.27 | 0.70 | 0.77 | 0.41~1.43 | 0.83 | 3.81* | 2.29 | 1.00~5.27 | |
≤16 years | 1 | 1 | |||||||
SSS | 0.32 | 10.57** | 1.38 | 1.14~1.68 | 0.33 | 5.83* | 1.39 | 1.06~1.82 | |
PSI | 0.45 | 4.31* | 1.56 | 1.03~2.39 | 0.20 | 0.23 | 1.22 | 0.54~2.76 |
BLSR: Basic livelihood security recipient, SSS: Subjective socioeconomic status, PSI: Perceived social inequality. *p<.05. **p<.01.
PSI: Perceived social inequality. *p<.05. **p<.01.
PSI: Perceived social inequality, BLSR: Basic livelihood security recipient. *p<.05. **p<.01.
a)Results of post-hoc analysis: Income and property, Freshmen<Senior.
PSI: Perceived social inequality.
BLSR: Basic livelihood security recipient, SSS: Subjective socioeconomic status, PSI: Perceived social inequality. *p<.05. **p<.01.