1 경상대학교 간호대학, 경상대학교 건강과학연구원 노인건강연구센터
2 경상대학교 간호대학 대학원
3 경남도립거창대학교 간호학과
1College of Nursing, Gerontological Health Research Center in Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
2Graduate College of Nursing, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
3Department of Nursing, University of Gyeongnam Geochang, Geochang, Korea
Copyright © 2021 by stress. All rights reserved.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.
Funding
This study (No. 2018R1C1B6007828) was conducted with the support of the National Research Foun-dation of Korea and with funding from the Ministry of Science and Information and Communications Technologies.
Characteristics | Categories | n | Empathy | Mindfulness |
Difficulties in emotional regulation |
Person-centered care competence |
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Mean±SD | t/F (p) | Mean±SD | t/F (p) | Mean±SD | t/F (p) | Mean±SD | t/F (p) | ||||||
Gender | Male | 42 | 3.42±0.30 | −1.20 (.230) | 4.09±0.35 | −1.53 (.129) | 1.44±0.62 | −0.15 (.878) | 3.80±0.50 | −0.25 (.802) | |||
Female | 178 | 3.50±0.38 | 4.19±0.37 | 1.46±0.61 | 3.82±0.51 | ||||||||
Age (years) | 20∼22a | 111 | 3.47±0.38 | 0.33 (.716) | 4.13±0.35 | 2.79 (.063) | 1.54±0.56 |
4.68 (.010)*
a>b |
3.82±0.49 | 0.81 (.445) | |||
23∼25b | 96 | 3.49±0.35 | 4.23±0.39 | 1.33±0.64 | 3.80±0.52 | ||||||||
≥26c | 13 | 3.41±0.33 | 4.05±0.22 | 1.74±0.57 | 3.99±0.55 | ||||||||
Religion | Christianity | 45 | 3.56±0.31 | 0.76 (.550) | 4.20±0.40 | 0.22 (.926) | 1.43±0.59 | 0.45 (.773) | 3.93±0.49 | 1.40 (.237) | |||
Buddhism | 16 | 3.52±0.32 | 4.15±0.24 | 1.64±0.62 | 3.96±0.44 | ||||||||
Catholicism | 17 | 3.45±0.47 | 4.20±0.33 | 1.45±0.59 | 3.67±0.52 | ||||||||
Others | 1 | 3.50±0.00 | 4.33±0.00 | 1.18±0.00 | 3.53±0.00 | ||||||||
None | 141 | 3.46±0.37 | 4.16±0.37 | 1.45±0.62 | 3.79±0.51 | ||||||||
Own hospitalization experience | Yes | 128 | 3.52±0.33 | 1.86 (.064) | 4.18±0.39 | 0.64 (.522) | 1.47±0.63 | 0.46 (.648) | 3.87±0.49 | 1.93 (.055) | |||
No | 92 | 3.43±0.40 | 4.15±0.32 | 1.43±0.58 | 3.74±0.52 | ||||||||
Family hospitalization experience | Yes | 199 | 3.50±0.37 | 1.45 (.149) | 4.18±0.37 | 1.12 (.273) | 1.46±0.61 | 0.13 (.896) | 3.81±0.51 | −0.70 (.485) | |||
No | 21 | 3.37±0.29 | 4.10±0.28 | 1.44±0.63 | 3.89±0.50 | ||||||||
Satisfaction with major | Very satisfieda | 45 | 3.56±0.33 | 1.26 (.287) | 4.34±0.35 |
9.64 (<.001)*
a, b>c, d |
1.31±0.68 | 2.41 (.059) | 4.03±0.57 |
3.05 (.018) a>c |
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Satisfiedb | 107 | 3.48±0.38 | 4.22±0.34 | 1.41±0.58 | 3.80±0.43 | ||||||||
Moderatec | 55 | 3.41±0.34 | 3.98±0.29 | 1.61±0.53 | 3.70±0.53 | ||||||||
Unsatisfiedd | 11 | 3.52±0.40 | 3.97±0.43 | 1.58±0.83 | 3.80±0.57 | ||||||||
Very unsatisfiede | 2 | 3.66±0.43 | 3.68±0.89 | 2.04±0.15 | 3.47±0.67 | ||||||||
Previous semester grades | ≥4.00a | 36 | 3.55±0.34 | 1.03 (.358) | 4.33±0.45 |
5.50 (.005)*
a>b>c |
1.32±0.66 | 1.62 (.200) | 3.90±0.48 | 0.60 (.553) | |||
3.00∼3.99b | 174 | 3.47±0.37 | 4.15±0.33 | 1.47±0.59 | 3.80±0.50 | ||||||||
≤2.99c | 10 | 3.55±0.32 | 3.96±0.46 | 1.66±0.70 | 3.83±0.67 | ||||||||
College year | Second yeara | 89 | 3.46±0.39 | 0.42 (.659) | 4.06±0.31 |
7.50 (.001)*
a<b, c |
1.57±0.53 | 2.88 (.058) | 3.81±0.50 | 0.05 (.953) | |||
Third yearb | 72 | 3.49±0.34 | 4.24±0.36 | 1.39±0.61 | 3.83±0.50 | ||||||||
Fourth yearc | 59 | 3.51±0.35 | 4.26±0.40 | 1.36±0.69 | 3.81±0.53 |
Characteristics | Categories | n (%) | Mean±SD | Range |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 42 (19.1) | ||
Female | 178 (80.9) | |||
Age (years) | 20∼22 | 111 (50.5) | 22.71±1.59 | 20∼29 |
23∼25 | 96 (43.6) | |||
≥26 | 13 (5.9) | |||
Religion | Christian | 45 (20.5) | ||
Buddhism | 16 (7.3) | |||
Catholic | 17 (7.7) | |||
Others | 1 (0.4) | |||
None | 141 (64.1) | |||
Own hospitalization experience | Yes | 128 (58.2) | ||
No | 92 (41.8) | |||
Family hospitalization experience | Yes | 199 (90.5) | ||
No | 21 (9.5) | |||
Satisfaction with major | Very satisfied | 45 (20.5) | ||
Satisfied | 107 (48.6) | |||
Moderate | 55 (25.0) | |||
Unsatisfied | 11 (5.0) | |||
Very unsatisfied | 2 (0.9) | |||
Previous semester grades | ≥4.00 | 36 (16.4) | ||
3.00∼3.99 | 174 (79.1) | |||
≤2.99 | 10 (4.5) | |||
College year | Second year | 89 (40.5) | ||
Third year | 72 (32.7) | |||
Fourth year | 59 (26.8) |
Variables | Range of scale | Mean±SD |
---|---|---|
Empathy | 1∼5 | 3.48±0.36 |
Perspective-taking | 1∼5 | 3.76±0.51 |
Fantasy | 1∼5 | 3.58±0.64 |
Empathic concern | 1∼5 | 3.57±0.58 |
Personal distress | 1∼5 | 3.03±0.53 |
Mindfulness | 1∼7 | 4.17±0.37 |
Act with awareness | 1∼7 | 5.19±0.74 |
Non-judging | 1∼7 | 4.90±0.72 |
Observe | 1∼7 | 3.31±0.67 |
Non-reactivity | 1∼7 | 3.17±0.60 |
Describe | 1∼7 | 4.15±0.66 |
Difficulties in emotional regulation | 0∼4 | 1.46±0.61 |
Non-acceptance of emotional responses | 0∼4 | 1.46±0.96 |
Lack of emotional awareness | 0∼4 | 1.28±0.64 |
Access to emotion regulation strategies | 0∼4 | 1.44±0.85 |
Difficulties engaging in goal-directed behavior | 0∼4 | 2.00±0.83 |
Impulse control difficulties | 0∼4 | 1.43±0.78 |
Lack of emotional clarity | 0∼4 | 1.23±0.89 |
Person-centered care competence | 1~5 | 3.82±0.51 |
Clinical situation | 1∼5 | 3.88±0.51 |
Personal life situation | 1∼5 | 3.68±0.71 |
Decisional control over care | 1∼5 | 3.86±0.57 |
Characteristics | Categories | n | Empathy | Mindfulness | Difficulties in emotional regulation |
Person-centered care competence |
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Mean±SD | t/F (p) | Mean±SD | t/F (p) | Mean±SD | t/F (p) | Mean±SD | t/F (p) | ||||||
Gender | Male | 42 | 3.42±0.30 | −1.20 (.230) | 4.09±0.35 | −1.53 (.129) | 1.44±0.62 | −0.15 (.878) | 3.80±0.50 | −0.25 (.802) | |||
Female | 178 | 3.50±0.38 | 4.19±0.37 | 1.46±0.61 | 3.82±0.51 | ||||||||
Age (years) | 20∼22a | 111 | 3.47±0.38 | 0.33 (.716) | 4.13±0.35 | 2.79 (.063) | 1.54±0.56 | 4.68 (.010) a>b |
3.82±0.49 | 0.81 (.445) | |||
23∼25b | 96 | 3.49±0.35 | 4.23±0.39 | 1.33±0.64 | 3.80±0.52 | ||||||||
≥26c | 13 | 3.41±0.33 | 4.05±0.22 | 1.74±0.57 | 3.99±0.55 | ||||||||
Religion | Christianity | 45 | 3.56±0.31 | 0.76 (.550) | 4.20±0.40 | 0.22 (.926) | 1.43±0.59 | 0.45 (.773) | 3.93±0.49 | 1.40 (.237) | |||
Buddhism | 16 | 3.52±0.32 | 4.15±0.24 | 1.64±0.62 | 3.96±0.44 | ||||||||
Catholicism | 17 | 3.45±0.47 | 4.20±0.33 | 1.45±0.59 | 3.67±0.52 | ||||||||
Others | 1 | 3.50±0.00 | 4.33±0.00 | 1.18±0.00 | 3.53±0.00 | ||||||||
None | 141 | 3.46±0.37 | 4.16±0.37 | 1.45±0.62 | 3.79±0.51 | ||||||||
Own hospitalization experience | Yes | 128 | 3.52±0.33 | 1.86 (.064) | 4.18±0.39 | 0.64 (.522) | 1.47±0.63 | 0.46 (.648) | 3.87±0.49 | 1.93 (.055) | |||
No | 92 | 3.43±0.40 | 4.15±0.32 | 1.43±0.58 | 3.74±0.52 | ||||||||
Family hospitalization experience | Yes | 199 | 3.50±0.37 | 1.45 (.149) | 4.18±0.37 | 1.12 (.273) | 1.46±0.61 | 0.13 (.896) | 3.81±0.51 | −0.70 (.485) | |||
No | 21 | 3.37±0.29 | 4.10±0.28 | 1.44±0.63 | 3.89±0.50 | ||||||||
Satisfaction with major | Very satisfieda | 45 | 3.56±0.33 | 1.26 (.287) | 4.34±0.35 | 9.64 (<.001) a, b>c, d |
1.31±0.68 | 2.41 (.059) | 4.03±0.57 | 3.05 (.018) a>c |
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Satisfiedb | 107 | 3.48±0.38 | 4.22±0.34 | 1.41±0.58 | 3.80±0.43 | ||||||||
Moderatec | 55 | 3.41±0.34 | 3.98±0.29 | 1.61±0.53 | 3.70±0.53 | ||||||||
Unsatisfiedd | 11 | 3.52±0.40 | 3.97±0.43 | 1.58±0.83 | 3.80±0.57 | ||||||||
Very unsatisfiede | 2 | 3.66±0.43 | 3.68±0.89 | 2.04±0.15 | 3.47±0.67 | ||||||||
Previous semester grades | ≥4.00a | 36 | 3.55±0.34 | 1.03 (.358) | 4.33±0.45 | 5.50 (.005) a>b>c |
1.32±0.66 | 1.62 (.200) | 3.90±0.48 | 0.60 (.553) | |||
3.00∼3.99b | 174 | 3.47±0.37 | 4.15±0.33 | 1.47±0.59 | 3.80±0.50 | ||||||||
≤2.99c | 10 | 3.55±0.32 | 3.96±0.46 | 1.66±0.70 | 3.83±0.67 | ||||||||
College year | Second yeara | 89 | 3.46±0.39 | 0.42 (.659) | 4.06±0.31 | 7.50 (.001) a<b, c |
1.57±0.53 | 2.88 (.058) | 3.81±0.50 | 0.05 (.953) | |||
Third yearb | 72 | 3.49±0.34 | 4.24±0.36 | 1.39±0.61 | 3.83±0.50 | ||||||||
Fourth yearc | 59 | 3.51±0.35 | 4.26±0.40 | 1.36±0.69 | 3.81±0.53 |
Characteristics | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |||
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r (p) | r (p) | r (p) | r (p) | ||||
1. Empathy | 1 | ||||||
2. Mindfulness | −.01 (.926) | 1 | |||||
3. Difficulties in emotional regulation | −.00 (.992) | −.61 (<.001) | 1 | ||||
4. Person-centered care competence | .33 (<.001) | .14 (.046) | −.06 (.402) | 1 |
Variable | Overall model | Subscale model | |||
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Coefficient (r)(95% confidence interval) | p | Coefficient (r)(95% confidence interval) | p | ||
Empathy | 0.436 (0.263, 0.609) | <.001 | |||
Perspective-taking | 0.187 (0.039, 0.335) | .014 | |||
Fantasy | 0.042 (−0.072, 0.157) | .466 | |||
Empathic concern | 0.033 (−0.096, 0.162) | .613 | |||
Personal distress | 0.124 (−0.025, 0.274) | .103 | |||
Mindfulness | 0.147 (−0.082, 0.377) | .206 | |||
Act with awareness | −0.025 (−0.153, 0.102) | .693 | |||
Non-judging | −0.119 (−0.251, −0.013) | .029 | |||
Observe | 0.017 (−0.097, 0.131) | .772 | |||
Non-reactivity | 0.194 (0.067, 0.321) | .003 | |||
Describe | 0.045 (−0.082, 0.172) | .484 | |||
Difficulties in emotional regulation | 0.028 (−0.102, 0.158) | .670 | |||
Non-acceptance of emotional responses | −0.060 (−0.161, 0.040) | .237 | |||
Lack of emotional awareness | −0.067 (−0.211, 0.076) | .355 | |||
Access to emotion regulation strategies | 0.006 (−0.114, 0.157) | .756 | |||
Difficulties engaging in goal-directed behavior | 0.091 (−0.017, 0.200) | .096 | |||
Impulse control difficulties | −0.093 (−0.241, 0.054) | .211 | |||
Lack of emotional clarity | 0.046 (−0.057, 0.149) | .382 | |||
Satisfaction with major | -0.081 (-0.162, 0.000) | .050 | - |
*Scheffé test.