1 서울대학교 간호대학
2 서울대학교 간호과학연구소
1College of Nursing, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
2The Research Institute of Nursing Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
Copyright © 2021 by stress. All rights reserved.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.
Funding
The research was supported by the Research Support Program through the Korean Addiction Forum.
No. | Author (year) | Aim of the study | Participants F/M (abstinence periods) addicted substance |
Research design | Main theme identified/result |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A1 | Kang SK, Moon JY, Yang DH (2016) | To understand about the rehabilitation and its process of recovering from drug addiction | 2/3 (4∼11 yrs) substance | Qualitative case study | - Recovery of sense of reality - Taking self-existing pattern - Self reconstruction in the context of social network - Self-love |
A2 | Kang SK, Lee JG (2019) | To explore the circumstance of a male alcoholism, and to expand the prospect of discussion for treatment and recovery, and to suggest social welfare intervention measures | 0/1 (19 yrs) alcohol | Life history | ∙Dimension of life - The fear of alcoholism - The onset of alcoholism - Inseparable alcoholism. ∙Turning point - Spiritual experience - Meeting with the alcoholic anonymous (AA) ∙Adaptation - Adaptation strategy of ventilation of anger - Honest experience - Doing one’s best at this moment and self-realization |
A3 | Kang SK, Lee JG, Cha M (2020) | To explore the circumstance of female alcoholism, to expand the prospect of discussion for treatment and recovery, and to suggest social welfare intervention measures | 1/0 (7 yrs) alcohol | Life history | ∙Dimension of life - Personal level of life - Family level of life - Social dimension ∙Turning point - To escape from a father who drinks alcohol and uses violence - To give up his job to avoid boss’s abuse - To proceed one’s own way of healing ∙Adaptation - Good at studying - Relieving anger by drinking alcohol - Referring to AA and self-realization. |
A4 | Kang SK, Choi Y (2018) | To understand the causes of alcohol addiction and the adaptation process to one’s inherent life in the course of recovering from alcohol through the analysis of the life story of a person, and to examine the life of the recovered from the perspectives including a ‘time factor’ and a ‘place factor’ | 0/1 (15 yrs) alcohol | Life history | ∙Dimension of life - The alcoholic father and the depressed mother - The indifferent family members - First drinking experience after entering the middle school - Abnormal drinking habit that started in the college life - Discharge from military service due to illness - Repeated admissions and discharges from the mental hospitals - The turning point at a facility for rehabilitation to the society - Study, and social worker as a profession ∙Turning point - The time of craving for love and acknowledgment - Anger and resentment for parents - The shadows found at the edge of the cliff, father and mother - The willpower and courage of a person who protected himself to the end ∙Adaptation - Use of defense mechanism - A defense tool called alcohol - Discovery of emptiness and restoration of spirituality - Resilience in disguise of destiny |
A5 | Kang H (2015) | To understand the life experiences of adult children of alcoholics who are recovering alcoholics and to provide basic data for social welfare intervention | 3/5 (more than 6 months) alcohol | Phenomenology | - The kid who was exhausted, haunted and lonely - The way toward addiction - The adventure in the underworld of addiction - Return to normal world through - Sobriety |
A6 | Kim S, Cha J (2016) | To explore the sexual experiences of recovering male alcoholics and enhance our understanding of this issue in order to develop relapse-prevention strategies | 0/17 (more than 6 months) alcohol | Qualitative secondary analysis | - Distorted sexuality - Wounded sexuality - Addiction-aggravating sexuality - Recovering sexuality |
A7 | Kim J (2019) | To explore a life history of a man who chronically abused methamphetamine over 30 years and his Quantum Change | 0/1 (6 yrs) methamphetamine | Life history | ∙Dimension of Life - Childhood filled with painful memories - Unsecure attachment and hungering for a stable relationship - Exposure to Christianity and seeking God’s existence - Being addicted to Methamphetamine (MA) and deviant sex - Affluent life as a MA dealer ∙Turning point - Overwhelming in sudden spiritual experiences and a meeting with God ∙Adaptation - Christianity living - Abrupt abstinence to MA abuse - Struggling to escape from the previous life - The Scarlet Letter as MA cravings, deviant sex pleasures and loneliness - Quenching the thirst for a stable relationship and the restoration of self |
A8 | Kim J, Jun J (2019) | To understand the cause of addiction of alcoholics in the life of male alcoholics, find out the factors that affect the cause, and to understand alcohol-recovery experience | 0/1 (13 yrs) alcohol | Life history | ∙Dimension of life - The day my father failed - A young day like a castle built on sand - The married life was locked up liquor bottle - The dead end, a life left alone ∙Turning point - Attempt suicide and a desire for desirable life - A rope came down from the sky, the basic living security payment - Open a new door, go into the welfare center ∙Adaptation - Loneliness chosen to escape from addiction - Fill empty time and space - Overcoming with fairy godmother |
A9 | Kim H, Chong H (2016) | To explore the nature of phenomenon of the women alcoholic’s experience of drinking and recovery. | 13/0 (3 months to 3 yrs) alcohol | Phenomenology | ∙Category - Traumatic wounds and disconnect from relations - Facing the world while holding the bottle - Hostage to alcohol - Experiencing transformational change - In the battleground of death and survival - Discovering I, the Self ∙Turning point - Avoiding pain and the beginning of drinking: soothing the pain with alcohol - The dangerous relation: closer to alcohol than my lover - From the abyss of hell: it’s going to be difficult to live - The lure of controlled drinking and relapse: filling my glass again - Healing the wound and recovering relationships: reconstruction of the relationship between you and me |
A10 | Ahn Y (2019) | To identify the recovery factors of alcoholics among migrants and to suggest a therapeutic intervention for the recovery of alcoholism | 0/1 (more than 4 yrs) alcohol | Life history | - Migrants’ alcoholism is caused by a combination of various causes - It is important to be aware of alcoholism in order to recover from alcoholism - Occupational stability and lifelong marriage and childbirth seem to be necessary factors for maintaining quitting alcohol - Migrants who recover from alcoholism must be prepared psychologically to live their lives as Koreans |
A11 | Ryu EJ (2019) | To understand the experiences of alcoholic homeless people according to the uniqueness and characteristics of individuals, and to identify the process and recovery factors of alcoholism and homelessness, which is used as intervention data for the recovery of alcoholic homeless people. |
0/2 (more than 15 yrs, more than 10 yrs) alcohol | Life history | To live human life ∙Dimension of life (participant A) - The life in the nursery school: standing alone on the brink of being thrown out of the world - Homeless life: time waiting for death hanging at the end of addiction - Community life: the garden of life that blossomed with love - Theology graduate student: salvation from God - Life as a mental health social worker: a place to practice human life (participant B) - Life as a prisoner: being a stranger out of the world - Life as a gangster: surviving in a world that rejects me - Homeless life: time to reflect for my growth - Life as a homeless facility worker: life of repaying favor ∙Turning point - Alienation from family and society - Death experience in homeless life - Community life and AA meeting - Meeting with mentors - College life - Life to help people - The prerequisites affected the quitting alcohol - Spiritual awakening - Social support ∙Adaptation (participant A) - Religious belief - Academic ability (participant B) - Leadership - Interaction with others ∙Adaptive system (participant A) - Salvation (participant B) - Leading himself |
A12 | Lee C (1997) | To explore the recovering alcoholics’ spiritual experience | 0/9 (3 yrs∼5 yrs) alcohol | Phenomenology | - Synthesis: (a) the alcoholics before sobriety experience psychological anxiety and social maladaptation such as inferiority, loneliness and hopelessness, fear and anger, and self-injury like writing in blood, suicide attempt in the pain by relapse: (b) spiritual experience is made through personal life or effort such as loneliness, desire for human love, self-awareness of alcoholics, but mostly through the experience of high power by means of good fellowship or collective effort like the process of message in AA and practice of AA 12 step: (c) they maintain continuous sobriety life by change of self-concept, social growth and emotional stability, through taking on a new meaning for alcohol, depending life on high power, and through life of sharing and service by means of spiritual experience and practice of AA 12 step |
A13 | Jeoung S, Kim J, Kim Y, Kim Y, Cheon S (2016) | To investigate the growth process and loss of control over alcohol of children of the alcohol addictions and examine the process of recovery and find out the meaning of the experiential essence of alcoholic addicts. | 2/1 (1∼3 yrs) alcohol | Phenomenology | - In the growth process of the children of the alcoholics was found that the unerased scar due to parental abuse and the influence of alcoholism persisted. - In addition, the alcoholics passed down generation were seeking the hope of life by repeating attempt to stop with the help of social support system to overcome these genetic and environmental factors. |
A14 | Joung J, Kang K (2019) | To identify stresses and coping of recovering alcoholics in communities. | 3/5 (81.88 days) alcohol | Content analysis | ∙Categories - Life problems and stresses encountered without drinking - Constant change efforts and growth ∙Identified stresses - A body weakened by drinking - Constant vigilance against the ongoing temptation of drinking - Painful regrets for the past - Difficulties in building new relationships - A lonely life left alone - A long way to self-reliance ∙Helpful factors in coping with the stresses - Strong power by being together - Strong family support - Firm wills constantly strengthened - Healing power of letting-go - Awareness through learning - Participation in various activities to replace drinking |
A15 | Hong MY (2017) | To analyze the cause of addiction of female alcoholics in the life of female alcoholics and find out the cure method through the analysis of oral data and autobiography. | 1/0 (more than 10 yrs) alcohol | Life history | ∙Dimension of life - Childhood as being abused, the father’s trauma, foreign life, and alcoholism ∙Turning point - Recognition of being an alcoholic - Reconciliation with oneself ∙Adaptation - Process of finding a place to meet a child and recovery |
A16 | Hong MY (2019) | To understand subjective experiences of the recovery counselors through oral data analysis by life history research of counselors from alcoholics | 0/1 (25 yrs) alcohol | Life history | ∙Dimension of life - Life as alcoholic addict - Life as restorer of alcohol addiction - Life as counselor of alcohol addiction recovery ∙Turning point - Study of addiction specialist - Recruiting counselor job - Person’s projection to patient ∙Adaptation - The will of God |
A17 | Hong M, Cho M (2018) | To understand the subjective recovery experience of alcoholics in depth. |
3/4 (more than 2 yrs) alcohol | Qualitative case study | - Giving up alcohol through self-reflection - Filling with the desire of monotheism - Getting out of the swamp of addition - Embracing the wound and being faithful to new life |
Critical appraisal skills programme (CASP) | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Article/Question | Section A: Are the results valid? |
Section B: What are the results? |
Section C: Will the results help locally? |
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1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | Total score | ||||||||||
Clear statement of aims |
Qualitative methodology | Research design |
Sampling | Data collection |
Researcher-participants relationship | Ethical issues |
Data analysis |
Findings | Value of research | |||||||||||
A1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10 | |||||||||
A2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10 | |||||||||
A3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10 | |||||||||
A4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10 | |||||||||
A5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9.5 | |||||||||
A6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10 | |||||||||
A7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 | |||||||||
A8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10 | |||||||||
A9 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10 | |||||||||
A10 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10 | |||||||||
A11 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10 | |||||||||
A12 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 9.5 | |||||||||
A13 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10 | |||||||||
A14 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10 | |||||||||
A15 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10 | |||||||||
A16 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10 | |||||||||
A17 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 |
Theme | Subtheme |
---|---|
Threatening experiences that denied one’s own existence_Trauma | • Fear of dying in a warlike daily-living • Frustration with no choice due to poverty • Loss of value owing to sexual violence • Unmet basic needs in neglect and indifference • Declined self-esteem crushed by exclusion and failure |
The only escape for the survival of the self_Addiction | • Spontaneous abandonment of oneself to addictive DNA • Escape from the hell of suffering to another • Dangerous relationship with addictive substances to survive |
A journey to search for one’s lost self in support_Recovery | • Recognizing trauma as the root of addiction and accepting oneself • Seeking meaning of life while healing wounds through forgiveness and service • Overcoming wounds and restoring relationships • Being connected to the world through various helping hands |
1=Yes; 0.5=Unsure; 0=No/if aim & ethical issue is unclear–exclude (Butler et al., 2016).
DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid.