성균관대학교 심리학과
서울여자대학교 교육심리학과
서울사이버대학교 상담심리학과
덕성여자대학교 심리학과
한림대학교 심리학과
Department of Psychology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
Department of Educational Psychology, Seoul Women’s University, Seoul, Korea
Department of Counseling Psychology, Seoul Cyber University, Seoul, Korea
Department of Psychology, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul, Korea
Department of Psychology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
Copyright: © The Korean Journal of Stress Research
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Item no. | Item content | Similar item in the K-CES-D | Similar item in the KDS | Concept of normal depression (Lee S et al., 2017) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 (NORMAL17) | I’d like to seek help from someone. | I talked less than usual. | I become to talk less than usual. | normal depression embedded in DSM-5 (affective·cognitive withdrawal) |
2 (NORMAL21) | It is hard to adapt to a new situation. | normal depression embedded in DSM-5 (behavioral withdrawal) | ||
3 (NORMAL22) | I become to talk less. | normal depression embedded in DSM-5 (behavioral·social withdrawal) | ||
4 (NORMAL43) | I feel lonely. | normal depression embedded in DSM-5 (affective withdrawal)/negative affect of PANAS | ||
5 (NORMAL52) | I seem to behave indiscreetly unlike before. | other (deficit of self-management) |
Item no. | Factor loading |
---|---|
1 | .63 |
2 | .72 |
3 | .80 |
4 | .82 |
5 | .78 |
1. Overall fit measures | |||||
|
|||||
χ2(71)=158.963 (p=.000), RMSEA=.053, CFI=.970, TLI=.961, WRMR=.869 | |||||
|
|||||
2. Correlation between factors (diagonal = variance) | |||||
|
|||||
Factor | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
|
|||||
1. Perceived stress (F 1) | .54* | ||||
2. Social support (F 2) | −.15* | .44* | |||
3. Socioeconomic status (F 3) | −.24* | .00 | .64* | ||
4. Normal depression (F 4) | .75* | −.29* | −.30* | .41* | |
5. CES-D (F 5) | .24* | −.20* | −.21* | .70* | .39* |
|
|||||
3. Factor coefficient (reliability of measurement) | |||||
|
|||||
Perceived stress | Social support | Socioeconomic status | Normal depression | CES-D | |
|
|||||
v 1=.86* (.75) | v 3=.88* (.77) | v 5=.80* (.64) | v 8=.64* (.41) | v 13=.97* (.95) | |
v 2=.89* (.78) | v 4=.95* (.90) | v 6=.46* (.21) | v 9=.67* (.45) | v 14=.87* (.76) | |
v 7=.70* (.48) | v 10=.80* (.63) | ||||
v 11=.78* (.61) | |||||
v 12=.76* (.58) | |||||
|
|||||
mean of reliability=.77 | mean of reliability=.84 | mean of reliability=.44 | mean of reliability=.54 | mean of reliability = .85 |
1. Overall fit measures | |||||
|
|||||
χ2(15)=27.660 (p=.024), RMSEA=.067, CFI=.960, TLI=.925, WRMR=.434 | |||||
|
|||||
2. Correlation between factors (diagonal=variance) | |||||
|
|||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
|
|||||
1. Perceived stress (F 1) | .54* | ||||
2. Social support (F 2) | −.13 | .49* | |||
3. Socioeconomic status (F 3) | −.20* | .38* | .35* | ||
4. Normal depression (F 4) | .77* | −.27* | −.46* | .43* | |
5. CES-D (F 5) | .57* | −.20* | −.33* | .74* | .43* |
|
|||||
3. Factor coefficient & Reliability of measurement | |||||
|
|||||
Factor | Measurement | Factor coefficient | Reliability (R2 )a | ||
|
|||||
1. Perceived stress (F 1) | v 1 | .89* | .79 | ||
v 2 | .88* | .77 | |||
2. Social support (F 2) | v 3 | .97* | .94 | ||
3. Socioeconomic status (F 3) | v 4 | .59* | .35 | ||
v 5 | .68* | .46 | |||
4. Normal depression (F 4) | v 6 | .87* | .76 | ||
5. CES-D (F 5) | v 7 | .99* | .99 | ||
v 8 | .90* | .81 |
Male (%) | Female (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Age | 19 | 3 (0.7) | 5 (1.1) |
20~29 | 51 (11.6) | 41 (9.3) | |
30~39 | 44 (10.0) | 43 (9.8) | |
40~49 | 42 (9.5) | 46 (10.5) | |
50~59 | 48 (10.9) | 51 (11.6) | |
60~64 | 29 (6.6) | 37 (8.4) | |
Living area | Seoul/Gyeonggi | 65 (14.8) | 63 (14.3) |
Chungcheonng | 38 (8.6) | 41 (9.3) | |
Gangwon | 49 (11.1) | 48 (10.9) | |
Gyeongsang | 35 (8.0) | 48 (10.9) | |
Jeolla | 29 (6.6) | 20 (4.5) | |
Total | 217 (49.3) | 223 (50.7) |
Item | Attribute | Item | Attribute |
---|---|---|---|
NORMAL29 | .07 | NORMAL17 | .62 |
NORMAL20 | .42 | NORMAL58 | .65 |
NORMAL46 | .49 | NORMAL43 | .72 |
NORMAL51 | .52 | NORMAL52 | .81 |
NORMAL26 | .56 | NORMAL21 | .84 |
NORMAL18 | .57 | NORMAL11 | .88 |
NORMAL41 | .58 | NORMAL22 | .90 |
NORMAL32 | .60 | NORMAL42 | .91 |
NORMAL25 | .61 |
Item no. | Item content | Similar item in the K-CES-D | Similar item in the KDS | Concept of normal depression (Lee S et al., 2017) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 (NORMAL17) | I’d like to seek help from someone. | I talked less than usual. | I become to talk less than usual. | normal depression embedded in DSM-5 (affective·cognitive withdrawal) |
2 (NORMAL21) | It is hard to adapt to a new situation. | normal depression embedded in DSM-5 (behavioral withdrawal) | ||
3 (NORMAL22) | I become to talk less. | normal depression embedded in DSM-5 (behavioral·social withdrawal) | ||
4 (NORMAL43) | I feel lonely. | normal depression embedded in DSM-5 (affective withdrawal)/negative affect of PANAS | ||
5 (NORMAL52) | I seem to behave indiscreetly unlike before. | other (deficit of self-management) |
Item no. | Item content | M | SD | Correlation | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||||
1 | I’d like to seek help from someone. | 2.59 | 1.25 | 1 | ||||
2 | It is hard to adapt to a new situation. | 2.15 | 1.09 | .48 | 1 | |||
3 | I become to talk less. | 1.93 | .96 | .45 | .59 | 1 | ||
4 | I feel lonely. | 2.34 | 1.23 | .51 | .48 | .64 | 1 | |
5 | I seem to behave indiscreetly unlike before. | 2.03 | 1.11 | .50 | .57 | .63 | .56 | 1 |
Item no. | Factor loading |
---|---|
1 | .63 |
2 | .72 |
3 | .80 |
4 | .82 |
5 | .78 |
1. Overall fit measures | |||||
|
|||||
χ2(71)=158.963 (p=.000), RMSEA=.053, CFI=.970, TLI=.961, WRMR=.869 | |||||
|
|||||
2. Correlation between factors (diagonal = variance) | |||||
|
|||||
Factor | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
|
|||||
1. Perceived stress (F 1) | .54 |
||||
2. Social support (F 2) | −.15* | .44* | |||
3. Socioeconomic status (F 3) | −.24 |
.00 | .64 |
||
4. Normal depression (F 4) | .75 |
−.29 |
−.30 |
.41 |
|
5. CES-D (F 5) | .24 |
−.20 |
−.21 |
.70 |
.39 |
|
|||||
3. Factor coefficient (reliability of measurement) | |||||
|
|||||
Perceived stress | Social support | Socioeconomic status | Normal depression | CES-D | |
|
|||||
v
1=.86 |
v
3=.88 |
v
5=.80 |
v
8=.64 |
v
13=.97 |
|
v
2=.89 |
v
4=.95 |
v
6=.46 |
v
9=.67 |
v
14=.87 |
|
v
7=.70 |
v
10=.80 |
||||
v
11=.78 |
|||||
v
12=.76 |
|||||
|
|||||
mean of reliability=.77 | mean of reliability=.84 | mean of reliability=.44 | mean of reliability=.54 | mean of reliability = .85 |
1. Overall fit measures | |||||
|
|||||
χ2(15)=27.660 (p=.024), RMSEA=.067, CFI=.960, TLI=.925, WRMR=.434 | |||||
|
|||||
2. Correlation between factors (diagonal=variance) | |||||
|
|||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
|
|||||
1. Perceived stress (F 1) | .54 |
||||
2. Social support (F 2) | −.13 | .49 |
|||
3. Socioeconomic status (F 3) | −.20 |
.38 |
.35 |
||
4. Normal depression (F 4) | .77 |
−.27 |
−.46 |
.43 |
|
5. CES-D (F 5) | .57 |
−.20 |
−.33 |
.74 |
.43 |
|
|||||
3. Factor coefficient & Reliability of measurement | |||||
|
|||||
Factor | Measurement | Factor coefficient | Reliability (R2 )a | ||
|
|||||
1. Perceived stress (F 1) | v 1 | .89 |
.79 | ||
v 2 | .88 |
.77 | |||
2. Social support (F 2) | v 3 | .97 |
.94 | ||
3. Socioeconomic status (F 3) | v 4 | .59 |
.35 | ||
v 5 | .68 |
.46 | |||
4. Normal depression (F 4) | v 6 | .87 |
.76 | ||
5. CES-D (F 5) | v 7 | .99 |
.99 | ||
v 8 | .90 |
.81 |
Item | 1st round | 2nd round | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||||||
M | SD | min. | max | M | SD | min. | max | |
Normal 17 | 3.50 | .49 | 2.50 | 4.00 | 3.62 | .28 | 2.98 | 3.95 |
Normal 21 | 3.47 | .48 | 2.50 | 4.10 | 3.55 | .33 | 2.96 | 4.10 |
Normal 22 | 3.39 | .37 | 2.70 | 3.80 | 3.49 | .27 | 3.00 | 3.80 |
Normal 43 | 3.65 | .47 | 2.70 | 4.10 | 3.70 | .35 | 3.00 | 4.10 |
Normal 52 | 3.25 | .41 | 2.60 | 4.00 | 3.32 | .28 | 3.00 | 3.90 |
|
||||||||
Total | 17.26 | 17.67≈18 |
Polycoric correlation coefficients calculated for the factor analysis of categorical variables are used.
NDS-SF: normal depression scale-short form.
p<.05.
p<.05.