, 정태연
, Taeyun Jung
중앙대학교 심리학과
Department of Psychology, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
Copyright: © The Korean Journal of Stress Research
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
| Hospice volunteers N=50 M (SD) | Hospice service trainees N=46 M (SD) | Ordinary people N=61 M (SD) | F(2, 156) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human values | Universalism | 6.51 (1.92) | 6.27 (2.07) | 7.01 (1.15) | 2.59 |
| Power | 4.85 (1.68)a | 4.71 (1.78)a | 5.66 (1.16)b | 6.17*** | |
| Hedonism | 5.34 (2.10) | 5.15 (2.24) | 5.63 (1.58) | 0.81 | |
| Benevolence | 6.73 (1.88) | 6.67 (2.05) | 7.17 (1.05) | 1.47 | |
| Achievement | 5.84 (1.75)a | 5.60 (1.99)a | 6.58 (1.15)b | 5.31** | |
| Meaningful life | Religion | 5.29 (0.47)b | 4.83 (0.97)a | 5.04 (0.96)a | 3.49* |
| Family | 4.81 (0.62) | 4.65 (0.99) | 4.86 (0.73) | 0.98 | |
| Community | 4.32 (0.67)b | 3.76 (0.98)a | 3.67 (1.02)a | 7.64*** | |
| Self-actualization | 4.14 (0.90) | 3.89 (0.90) | 3.77 (1.12) | 1.89 | |
| Death attitude | Belief in afterlife | 5.77 (0.56) | 5.62 (1.14) | 5.97 (0.75) | 2.44 |
| Transmigration | 1.96 (1.29) | 1.78 (0.79) | 1.97 (1.03) | 0.52 | |
| Death anxiety | 2.80 (0.85)a | 2.84 (0.79)b | 3.19 (0.99)b | 3.25* | |
| Positive meaning of death | 4.46 (1.51) | 4.56 (1.13) | 4.47 (0.85) | 0.13 | |
| Negative meaning of death | 4.14 (1.63) | 4.02 (1.25) | 4.22 (1.02) | 0.31 | |
| Death acceptance | 4.24 (1.59) | 4.25 (1.17) | 4.25 (1.25) | 0.00 | |
| Death concern | 3.93 (1.84) | 4.03 (1.81) | 3.69 (1.26) | 0.60 | |
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| Item | Hospice Volunteers N (%) | Hospice service trainees N (%) | Ordinary person N (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | Male | 17 (33.3) | 9 (19.6) | 19 (31.1) |
| Female | 31 (60.8) | 37 (80.4) | 42 (68.9) | |
| Age | 40∼49 | 7 (13.7) | 11 (23.9) | 35 (57.4) |
| 50∼59 | 20 (39.2) | 22 (47.8) | 21 (34.4) | |
| 60∼69 | 14 (27.5) | 10 (21.7) | 4 (6.6) | |
| 70≤ | 9 (17.6) | 3 (6.5) | 1 (1.6) | |
| Perceived Health Status | Good | 20 (39.2) | 14 (30.4) | 30 (49.2) |
| Moderate | 27 (52.9) | 26 (56.5) | 30 (49.2) | |
| Poor | 1 (2.0) | 4 (8.7) | 1 (1.6) | |
| Income | <1 million Won | 10 (19.6) | 9 (19.6) | 7 (11.5) |
| 100∼199 | 2 (3.9) | 9 (19.6) | 11 (18.0) | |
| 200∼299 | 13 (25.5) | 5 (10.9) | 12 (19.7) | |
| 300∼399 | 12 (23.5) | 7 (15.2) | 7 (11.5) | |
| 400≤ | 11 (21.6) | 14 (30.4) | 23 (37.7) | |
| Jobs | Professional work | 7 (13.7) | 3 (6.5) | 21 (34.4) |
| Office work | 1 (2.0) | 3 (6.5) | 3 (4.9) | |
| Manufacturing work | 0 (0.0) | 2 (4.3) | 27 (44.3) | |
| Housewife | 29 (56.9) | 25 (54.3) | 1 (1.6) | |
| unemployed | 9 (17.6) | 8 (17.4) | 8 (13.1) | |
| Private business | 2 (3.9) | 3 (6.5) | 1 (1.6) | |
| Years of Religion | <10 | 6 (11.8) | 7 (15.2) | 1 (1.6) |
| 10∼19 | 5 (9.8) | 7 (15.2) | 5 (8.2) | |
| 20∼29 | 13 (25.5) | 6 (13.0) | 8 (13.1) | |
| 30≤ | 26 (52.0) | 26 (56.5) | 47 (77.0) | |
| Total | 50 (31.8) | 46 (29.3) | 61 (38.9) | |
| Hospice volunteers N=50 M (SD) | Hospice service trainees N=46 M (SD) | Ordinary people N=61 M (SD) | F(2, 156) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human values | Universalism | 6.51 (1.92) | 6.27 (2.07) | 7.01 (1.15) | 2.59 |
| Power | 4.85 (1.68)a | 4.71 (1.78)a | 5.66 (1.16)b | 6.17 |
|
| Hedonism | 5.34 (2.10) | 5.15 (2.24) | 5.63 (1.58) | 0.81 | |
| Benevolence | 6.73 (1.88) | 6.67 (2.05) | 7.17 (1.05) | 1.47 | |
| Achievement | 5.84 (1.75)a | 5.60 (1.99)a | 6.58 (1.15)b | 5.31 |
|
| Meaningful life | Religion | 5.29 (0.47)b | 4.83 (0.97)a | 5.04 (0.96)a | 3.49 |
| Family | 4.81 (0.62) | 4.65 (0.99) | 4.86 (0.73) | 0.98 | |
| Community | 4.32 (0.67)b | 3.76 (0.98)a | 3.67 (1.02)a | 7.64 |
|
| Self-actualization | 4.14 (0.90) | 3.89 (0.90) | 3.77 (1.12) | 1.89 | |
| Death attitude | Belief in afterlife | 5.77 (0.56) | 5.62 (1.14) | 5.97 (0.75) | 2.44 |
| Transmigration | 1.96 (1.29) | 1.78 (0.79) | 1.97 (1.03) | 0.52 | |
| Death anxiety | 2.80 (0.85)a | 2.84 (0.79)b | 3.19 (0.99)b | 3.25 |
|
| Positive meaning of death | 4.46 (1.51) | 4.56 (1.13) | 4.47 (0.85) | 0.13 | |
| Negative meaning of death | 4.14 (1.63) | 4.02 (1.25) | 4.22 (1.02) | 0.31 | |
| Death acceptance | 4.24 (1.59) | 4.25 (1.17) | 4.25 (1.25) | 0.00 | |
| Death concern | 3.93 (1.84) | 4.03 (1.81) | 3.69 (1.26) | 0.60 | |
| ID | Gender | Age | Jobs | Years of service | Religion | Status of health |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | M | 70 | Private business | 10 | Protestantism | Healthy |
| 2 | M | 68 | Private business | 10 | Protestantism | Healthy |
| 3 | F | 64 | Housewife | 6 | Catholicism | Very Healthy |
| 4 | F | 64 | Housewife | 10 | Catholicism | Healthy |
| 5 | F | 71 | Housewife | 5 | Buddhism | Very Healthy |
| 6 | F | 58 | Retirement | 9 | Protestantism | Healthy |
| 7 | F | 45 | Graduate student | 4 | Protestantism | Healthy |
| 8 | F | 71 | Retirement | 11 | Protestantism | Very Healthy |
| 9 | F | 51 | Private business | 7 | Catholicism | Healthy |
| 10 | F | 70 | Housewife | 5 | Protestantism | Healthy |
| Category | Themes | Cluster of meanings |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in life attitudes | Satisfaction for present life | Deep thought about meaning in life |
| Appreciation for small things | ||
| No greed | ||
| Transcending the self | Sharing and caring for others | |
| Preciousness of family relations | ||
| Changes in death attitudes | Presence of death in life | Always mindful of death |
| Clearing out around | ||
| Refusal of life prolonging treatment |
Scheffe. a<b. p<0.05, p<0.001, p<0.001.