Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the moderating effect of optimism, self-regulation, and religiosity to life-stress on happiness between Protestants and non-believers in middle-age. Total of 233 participants - 148 Protestants and 85 non-believers - were asked to complete a questionnaire of life-stress, optimism, self-regulation, religiosity, and happiness. Analyzed the differences of the indicators between two groups, in first result, indicated that Protestants had more life-stress, optimism, religiosity, and happiness than non-believers significantly. But there was no difference in self-regulation. Second result indicated the happiness of either Protestants or non-believers explained negatively by life-stress. On the other hand, happiness was explained positively by optimism, self-regulation, and religiosity of Protestants played a moderating role. But in non-believers, show by optimism played a moderating role. Finally, the findings were discussed in relation to relevant result, and their implications for happiness on middle-age and limitations of the present study were suggested. (Korean J Str Res 2011;19:31∼38)

• Keywords: Middle age, Protestant, Life-stress, Happiness, Optimism, Self-regulation, Religiosity;