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Review Article
An Integrative Review of Interventions for Preventing Internet and Smartphone Addiction in Elementary School Students: Based on the IMB Model
Hyemin Park, Bohye Kim, Jaehee Jeong, Hwa Jeong Kim, Yebin Kim
STRESS. 2024;32(3):133-141.   Published online September 30, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2024.32.3.133
  • 299 View
  • 18 Download
Abstract PDF
Background
This study analyzes and evaluates the effectiveness of various interventions designed to prevent internet and smartphone addiction among elementary school students based on the Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills (IMB) model.
Methods
An integrative literature review examined studies published in the last ten years that focus on preventive interventions for internet and smartphone addiction among elementary school students. The selected studies were analyzed using the IMB model, which includes information, motivation, and behavioral skills as key components.
Results
The analysis identified several critical components of effective prevention programs: providing relevant information, enhancing interpersonal relationships, emotional management, self-control, and impulse control skills. Effective programs often included group interventions, visual aids, play activities, and parental involvement.
Conclusions
The findings suggest that balanced integration of information, motivation, and behavioral skills is essential for developing effective prevention programs for internet and smartphone addiction among elementary school students. The study provides a foundation for future research and the development of comprehensive prevention programs tailored to the unique characteristics of this age group.
Original Articles
The Mediating Role of Smartphone Usage Time in the Relation between Stress and Anxiety among Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Eunha Jeong
STRESS. 2023;31(2):65-72.   Published online June 30, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2023.31.2.65
  • 2,885 View
  • 72 Download
  • 2 Citations
Abstract PDF
Background
This study examines the mediating effect of smartphone usage time on the relationship between stress and anxiety among adolescents.
Methods
Data on 54,848 adolescents were obtained from the 17th (2021) Korea Youth Behavior Survey. The data were analyzed using PROCESS Macro Version 4.1 (Model 4) to examine the effect and significance of each path in the mediation model.
Results
There was a statistically significant direct effect of stress on anxiety. Additionally, smartphone usage time mediated the relationship between stress and anxiety, indicating a significant indirect effect.
Conclusions
The findings suggest the importance of addressing stress coping strategies and implementing effective intervention programs related to smartphone use to promote adolescents’ mental health.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Does Stress Affect Adolescent Anxiety by Mediating Sleep Time?
    Si On Jang
    STRESS.2024; 32(3): 142.     CrossRef
  • Influence of Sedentary Behavior and Smartphone Use on the Risk of Generalized Anxiety Disorder among Adolescents
    Kyong Sil Park
    Journal of Korean Academy of psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing.2023; 32(4): 363.     CrossRef
The Effect of Parents’ Negative Parenting Style on Aggression among Adolescents: The Mediating Effect of Self-Esteem and Smartphone Dependency
Eun Jung Bae, Soo-Hyun Nam
STRESS. 2023;31(1):18-24.   Published online March 31, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2023.31.1.18
  • 3,470 View
  • 124 Download
  • 2 Citations
Abstract PDF
Background
This study investigates the serial mediation of self-esteem and smartphone dependency in the relationship between negative parenting style and adolescents’ aggression.
Methods
We conducted a secondary data analysis of the 2018 Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS) and used the data of first-year middle school students. A mediation analysis was conducted using Hayes’ SPSS PROCESS Macro (Model 6).
Results
The mediation of smartphone dependency was significant in the relationship between parents’ negative parenting style and aggression, but the mediation of self-esteem was not. Negative parenting style significantly affected adolescents’ aggression through the sequential mediation of self-esteem and smartphone dependency.
Conclusions
Appropriate interventions should be prepared to help adolescents increase their self-esteem and reduce smartphone dependency, thus reducing the aggression that a negative parenting style induces.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Correlation between Parental Hostility and Child Self-Control and Aggression
    Sun Yee Yoo, Hye Young Ahn
    Healthcare.2023; 11(17): 2433.     CrossRef
  • Moderating Effects of Emotional Recognition Competency in Rejective Parenting and Adolescent Depression and Aggression
    Jaeeun Shin, Sung Man Bae
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2023; 20(18): 6775.     CrossRef
Future Orientation’s Influence on Smartphone Overdependence among Out-of-School Adolescents: Focusing on the Moderated Mediation Effect of Depression by Parental Emotional Support
RaeHyuck Lee
STRESS. 2022;30(4):213-220.   Published online December 30, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2022.30.4.213
  • 1,008 View
  • 51 Download
Abstract PDF
Background
This study aimed to examine the influence of future orientation on smartphone overdependence through depression among out-of-school adolescents and the moderated mediation effect of parental emotional support.
Methods
This study analyzed data from the Panel Survey of School Dropouts with the Process macro Models 4 and 14.
Results
First, out-of-school adolescents’ future orientation negatively influenced smartphone overdependence. Second, out-of-school adolescents’ depression partially mediated the influence of future orientation on smartphone overdependence. Third, out-of-school adolescents’ parental emotional support moderated the mediation effect of future orientation on smartphone overdependence through depression.
Conclusions
The results suggest ways to manage smartphone overdependence among out-of-school adolescents.
The Influence of COVID-19-Induced Depression on Smartphone Usage Time among Multicultural Adolescents and the Moderated Mediation Effect of Gender through Anxiety
RaeHyuck Lee
STRESS. 2022;30(3):147-154.   Published online September 30, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2022.30.3.147
  • 2,194 View
  • 87 Download
Abstract PDF
Background
This study aimed to verify the influence of COVID-19-induced depression on smartphone usage time among multicultural adolescents, as well as the moderated mediation effect of gender through anxiety.
Methods
Using the raw data from the 2021 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey, a sample of 1,161 multicultural adolescents was recruited for this study. Models 4 and 7 of the PROCESS macro method were used for data analysis.
Results
COVID-19-induced depression among multicultural adolescents positively influenced their smartphone usage time. Moreover, their anxiety fully mediated the influence of COVID-19-induced depression on their smartphone usage time. The mediation effect of COVID-19-induced depression on smartphone usage time through anxiety was moderated by their gender.
Conclusions
The results are significant in that they provide insights for addressing the problem of smartphone usage among multicultural adolescents amid a disaster like COVID-19.
Factors Influencing Soldiers’ Smartphone Use during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Focusing on COVID-19 Stress and Social Support
Soo Mi Jang, Hee Yeon Lee, Ji Hyeong Jeong
STRESS. 2022;30(1):7-14.   Published online March 31, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2022.30.1.7
  • 2,811 View
  • 129 Download
Abstract PDF
Background
This study aimed to investigate the influence of COVID-19 stress on the level of smartphone use among soldiers. In addition, it explores the potential moderating effect of social support as a protective factor.
Methods
We collected responses from 205 soldiers serving in one military division in Chungcheongbuk-do using cross-sectional online and offline surveys. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations, and hierarchical regression analysis using the SPSS 27.0 program.
Results
Controlling for covariates, COVID-19 stress and social support were significant factors influencing the level of smartphone use. The analysis did not identify a moderating effect of social support on the relationship between pandemic stress and smartphone use.
Conclusions
Our study results could help military and mental health organizations intervene in problematic smartphone use by creating programs for soldiers at high risk for COVID-19 stress.
Factors Affecting Smartphone Overdependence among Older Adults
Ji-Eun Park, Nayoon Lee
STRESS. 2022;30(1):37-44.   Published online March 31, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2022.30.1.37
  • 2,689 View
  • 130 Download
Abstract PDF
Background
This study aimed to identify the factors affecting smartphone overdependence among older adults.
Methods
A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with 179 older adults using smartphones in B metropolitan city. A multiple regression analysis was performed to identify the effect of physical activity, social support, and depression on smartphone overdependence.
Results
Factors that affect smartphone overdependence among the participants were as follows: (a) purpose of using smartphone (β=.23, p=.001), (b) age (β=.23, p=.002), (c) smartphone use time (β=.20, p=.004), (d) educational level (β=−.15, p=.027), and (e) social support (β=−.14, p=.048). The model explained for 19.0% (F=9.30, p<.001).
Conclusions
The findings of this study can be used as evidence to develop intervention programs and policy measures to prevent and manage smartphone overdependence, which has negative effects on the physical and mental health of older adults.
Negative Urgency Mediates the Relation between Negative Emotion and Smartphone Addiction
Ae Kyoung Lee, Hyejeen Lee
STRESS. 2019;27(4):396-403.   Published online December 31, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2019.27.4.396
  • 3,238 View
  • 50 Download
  • 1 Citations
Abstract PDF
Background:

Negative urgency is a tendency to engage in rash behaviors when experiencing negative emotions such as depression, anxiety, and stress, and is known to predict addictive behaviors. This study aimed to investigate the effect of negative urgency on smartphone addiction as one of behavioral addictions.

Methods:

Self-report questionnaires were administered to 350 college (graduate) students to assess the level of depression, anxiety, stress, negative urgency, and smartphone addiction.

Results:

Regression and bootstrapping analyses showed that negative urgency partially mediated the relationships between each of depression, anxiety, and stress and smartphone addiction, even after controlling for age, sex, and average time spent on smartphone per day.

Conclusions:

Negative emotions such as depression, anxiety, or stress affect smartphone addiction through negative urgency. This finding suggests that intervention for smartphone addiction should focus not only on negative emotions but also on reducing negative urgency. Further implications and limitations of this study are discussed.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Fear of Missing Out and Smartphone Addiction Mediates the Relationship Between Positive and Negative Affect and Sleep Quality Among Chinese University Students
    Li Li, Mark D. Griffiths, Songli Mei, Zhimin Niu
    Frontiers in Psychiatry.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
The Mediating Effects of Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance on the Relationship between Stress and Internet/Smartphone Addiction in Adolescents
Hyejeen Lee
STRESS. 2017;25(4):279-285.   Published online December 31, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2017.25.4.279
  • 12,129 View
  • 63 Download
  • 3 Citations
Abstract PDF
Background:

This study examined the mediating effects of experiential avoidance on the relationship between stress and internet/smartphone addiction in adolescents.

Methods:

448 middle school students completed the self-report questionnaires on school stress, home stress, multidimensional experiential avoidance, and internet/smartphone addiction.

Results:

Regression analyses and tests of indirect effects using bootstrapping showed that ‘procrastination’ and ‘distress aversion’ factors of experiential avoidance mediated the relationship between stress (school, home) and internet/smartphone addiction.

Conclusions:

Stress increases internet/smartphone addiction through procrastination or distress aversion in adolescents. Interventions should focus not only on stress but also on experiential avoidance.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Experiential Avoidance as a Mediator of the Relationship between Dispositional Mindfulness and Problematic Smartphone Use
    George Felix, Manoj Kumar Sharma, Nitin Anand, Binukumar Bhaskarapillai, Ajay Kumar
    International Journal of Yoga.2023; 16(3): 226.     CrossRef
  • Association between Smartphone Addiction and Suicide
    Oyuntuya Shinetsetseg, Yun Hwa Jung, Yu Shin Park, Eun-Cheol Park, Suk-Yong Jang
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(18): 11600.     CrossRef
  • Children’s Self-Esteem and Problematic Smartphone Use: The Moderating Effect of Family Rituals
    Daeun Kim, Kyung Eun Jahng
    Journal of Child and Family Studies.2019; 28(12): 3446.     CrossRef
Correlates Social Networking Service Addiction and MentalㆍSocial Health and Communication Competence among Nursing Students
Mi Young Moon
Korean J Str Res. 2016;24(4):243-251.   Published online December 31, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2016.24.4.243
  • 2,551 View
  • 109 Download
  • 1 Citations
Abstract PDF

The purpose of this study was to explore the correlation of SNS (social networking service) addiction and mental social health and communication competence among nursing students. The data were collected from September to December, 2015 in three universities. Data were obtained from 253 nursing students and collected data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation followed by Scheffe post-hoc analysis, Multiple linear regression by SPSS 21.0. First, in regard to SNS addiction variables according to the general characteristics of the participants, there was significant difference between genders. In regard to SNS addiction variables according to SNS utilization status of the participants, there were significant differences in necessity of smartphone, the necessity of SNS, the average number of connection, and connecting time of SNS. The factors affecting the SNS addiction were the gender and mental health. In this study, female and the one with poor mental health had higher risk of SNS addiction. Therefore, early screening of nursing students is needed and it is required to develop the health promotion programs for the vulnerable and to pay attention to them.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Analysis of Factors Related to Social Network Service Addiction Among Korean High School Students
    Mi-Ran Kim, Jae-Woo Oh, Bo-Yun Huh
    Journal of Addictions Nursing.2020; 31(3): 203.     CrossRef
Review Article
Mobile Health (m-health) on Mental Health
Jae Soon Jang, Seung Hun Cho
Korean J Str Res. 2016;24(4):231-236.   Published online December 31, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2016.24.4.231
  • 2,706 View
  • 105 Download
  • 8 Citations
Abstract PDF

Recently, the demand for mental health services using information and communication technology (ICT) such as mobile communication and social network service (SNS) is increasing. Mobile health (m-Health) and health big data are expected to play a major role in driving the future healthcare paradigm. In particular, the value of applications utilizing smart devices including smartphone and wearable devices is increasing day by day. Mobile applications that can be applied to the patient to restore disease in the neuropsychiatric area can be easily provided, and clinicians can also use the clinic in patient diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment. In practical use, it is still a step in the process, so it is necessary to check the stability of the system that operates the data and prevent infringement and leakage of personal information that may occur later. In addition, it is necessary to establish the effectiveness and credibility based on the basis of practical use of mobile health (m-Health) and health big data. With technological advances being made day by day, mental health care workers should be aware of this trend and have an active interest.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Strategies in Ecological Momentary Interventions for Mental Health Care in Adults: A Scoping Review
    Gi Wook Ryu
    Journal of Digital Contents Society.2024; 25(4): 961.     CrossRef
  • Effects of Mobile-Based Forest-Therapy Programs Using Urban Forests for Symptoms of Depressed Patients
    Poung-Sik Yeon, In-Ok Kim, Si-Nae Kang, Nee-Eun Lee, Ga-Yeon Kim, Ha-Rim Shim, Chung-Yeub Chung, Jung-Sok Lee, Jin-Young Jeon, Won-Sop Shin
    Healthcare.2023; 11(23): 3039.     CrossRef
  • A smart healthcare-based system for classification of dementia using deep learning
    Jihye Lim
    DIGITAL HEALTH.2022; 8: 205520762211316.     CrossRef
  • Research Trends on Mobile Mental Health Application for General Population: A Scoping Review
    Won Ju Hwang, Ji Sun Ha, Mi Jeong Kim
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(5): 2459.     CrossRef
  • The Ways of College Mental Health Education Based on Big Data
    Xiaoxiao Zhang, Suning Jia
    Journal of Physics: Conference Series.2021; 1852(3): 032030.     CrossRef
  • Development and Assessment of a Social Network Service-Based Lifestyle-Modification Program for Workers at High Risk of Developing Cardiovascular Disease
    Soo Hee Woo, Eui Geum Oh, Kyung-SOO Kim, Sang Hui Chu, Gwang Suk Kim, Chung Mo Nam
    Workplace Health & Safety.2020; 68(3): 109.     CrossRef
  • Analysis of Health Insurance Big Data for Early Detection of Disabilities: Algorithm Development and Validation
    Seung-Hyun Jeong, Tae Rim Lee, Jung Bae Kang, Mun-Taek Choi
    JMIR Medical Informatics.2020; 8(11): e19679.     CrossRef
  • Use of Mobile Mental Health Application for Mental Health Promotion : Based on the Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills Model
    Soontae An, Hannah Lee
    Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies.2018; 62(6): 167.     CrossRef

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