This study aimed to identify the relationship between person-centered care competence, empathy, mindfulness, and difficulties in emotional regulation among undergraduate nursing students.

The subjects of this study were 220 undergraduate nursing students from three colleges in Gyeongsangnam-do. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients, Independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Scheffé test with SPSS/WIN 21.0.

The mean scores of person-centered care competence, empathy, mindfulness, and difficulties in emotional regulation were 3.82±0.51, 3.48±0.36, 4.17±0.37, 1.46±0.61, respectively. Empathy (r=.33, p< .001) and mindfulness (r=.14, p=.046) were significantly correlated with person-centered care competence.

The results indicate that variables related to person-centered care competence are empathy and mindfulness. Therefore, educational programs for increasing person-centered care competence should include strategies that can be developed to promote and sustain empathy and mindfulness among nursing students.

Distractive emotion regulation, which relieves arousal through attention shift, protects individuals from strong stress. Distractive emotion regulation is widely used in everyday life and although it has great implications in the context of adaptation such as to addiction, it is generally not considered separately from avoidant regulation, it has neither been clearly defined nor measured.

Through a literature review and qualitative analysis, we selected adults’ distractive emotion regulation behaviors. We explored the construct by developing measurement on the distractive behaviors that adults use to regulate emotion.

Factor analysis revealed that distractive emotion regulation consisted of four factors: “consumption distraction” concerned with activities such as shopping, internet use, and TV viewing; “arousal control distraction” related to activities such as exercise, bathing, and deep breathing; “reserving distraction” pertaining to activities such as eating, sleeping, and listening to music; and “aggressive distraction” involving behaviors such as bullying, physical destructiveness, or cursing. Each factor had a different correlation with stress coping dimensions and subjective well-being.

Distractive emotion regulation is a multidimensional concept composed of sub-factors with different functions and clinical implications in daily life.

Daily functioning is an important aspect of chronic pain management, particularly for individuals living with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). Previous studies have established that emotional support from significant others is beneficial for chronic pain patients. However, emotional support can be discrepant from one’s preference and can also fluctuate. Thus, the present study investigates the role of instability in emotional support discrepancy on the daily functioning of patients with CRPS.

Participants consisted of 21 CRPS patients. Google Forms was used to obtain daily diary ratings over 15 days.The mean square of successive differences was calculated as an indicator of instability of emotional support discrepancy. Statistical analysis was conducted using hierarchical linear modeling.

Hierarchical linear modeling reveals that the moderating effect of instability in emotional support discrepancy on the relationship between daily pain severity daily activity avoidance (coefficient=0.01, t (292)=5.57, p<.001), activity interference (coefficient=0.01, t (292)=5.98, p<.001), distraction (coefficient=0.01, t (292)=5.10, p= .007) was statistically significant.

The results of this study suggest that instability in emotional support discrepancy reduces the buffering effect of emotional support.

This study is an integrative review of literatures of research on emotion processing in depression using facial expression stimuli.

For the review, we searched domestic and international research articles over the past 20 years according to the integrative review procedure and selected the final 19 papers.

The results of the review revealed that depressed people, compared with those who were not depressed, had the following differences. First, they needed longer time for precise processing of emotion. Second, they managed to recognize positive emotion with high intensity while easily recognized negative emotions with low intensity. Third, they tended to overestimate the intensity of negative emotion. Fourth, they showed a negative interpretation bias to ambiguous or neutral facial expressions. Meanwhile, consistent results across the studies were not found for the variable of accuracy.

Our results suggest that it is necessary to develop more elaborate intervention program and design more sophisticated experiment for further coherent understanding of depression.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of emotional labor, professional self-concept, self-efficiency and social support on burnout of emergency room nurses by verifying the level of burnout of them. Through this, we will reduce the turnover and secure professional manpower and they will provide basic data on efficient manpower management.

The subjects of this study were 130 emergency room nurses of eight hospitals in Seoul. The collected datas were analyzed by the SPSS Version 24.0 program using the percentage, mean and standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe test, Pearson’s correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis.

The level of emotional labor of emergency room nurses was higher than that of other nurses. Professional self-concept, self-efficiency and social support have a negative correlation with burnout and there is a positive correlation between professional self-concept, self-efficiency and social support. The major factors influencing burnout were professional self-concept, which was a significant negative influence factor, emotional labor was a significant positive influence and self-efficiency showed a significant negative influence factor.

To reduce the burnout of emergency room nurses, an emotional management program, positive self-concept formation for emergency room nurses are needed. In addition, it is necessary to develop and apply a variety of intervention programs to build policy for long- term working nurse and social support systems.

The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating effects of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Program on Stress response, self-efficacy, emotional intelligence and burnout among nurses.

The study was a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design, with 34 participants (experimental group: 17, control group: 17). The Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction program for Small and Medium Sized Hospital Nurses for this study was conducted in pre-class, in-class, and post-class stages for a total of 8 weeks Data were analyzed with an independent t-test and repeated measures ANOVA.

The experimental group showed significant improvement in stress response (F=3.37, p=.041), burnout (F=3.38, p=.040), emotional intelligence (F=5.10, p=.009) and self-efficacy (F=3.51, p=.049).

The results of this study show that MBSR program is an effective stress management method for small and medium Sized Hospital Nurses. Therefore, the MBSR program is recommended to nurses and health care providers for stress management.

The psychological health of a pregnant woman and a healthy fetal relationship are important for perinatal adaptation. This study aimed to develop loving-kindness and compassion meditation (LKCM), which are known to be effective for improving interpersonal relationships and to verify its effectiveness in order to promote maternal-fetal attachment (MFA).

We developed an LKCM curriculum and training program for pregnant women and assessed its efficacy for improving MFA, positive emotion, mindfulness, and positive fetal movement experience (PFME) through a pre-intervention, post-intervention, and one-month follow-up comparison with a yoga comparison group and an untreated control group.

The LKCM experimental group showed significantly improved MFA, positive emotion, mindfulness, and PFME than did the other groups at post-intervention and follow-up.

Overall, this study confirmed that LKCM interventions can promote MFA, positive emotions, mindfulness, and PFME. Thus, it is meaningful that this study served to foster beneficial psychological resources compared to numerous studies aiming to improve deficits experienced by pregnant women. Additionally, this is the first full-scale study to develop a program based on specialized LKCM to enhance MFA during pregnancy and verify its efficacy.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of cognitive emotion regulation strategy on the relationship between emotion malleability beliefs and depression, and between emotion malleability beliefs and anxiety in Individuals with GAD (Generalized anxiety disorder) symptoms.

The 103 individuals with GAD symptoms respond to the questionnaires measuring emotion malleability beliefs, cognitive emotion regulation strategy, depression, anxiety.

Data from this study show that maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategy mediates the effect of emotion malleability beliefs on depression and anxiety. Adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategy has no mediating effect on them.

These results suggest that making the individuals with GAD have emotion malleability beliefs or educating them on emotion regulation strategy may not be enough. Therefore, practical intervention is needed in the overall emotion regulation. Finally, this paper includes implications, limitations, and suggestions for the future study.

The purpose of this study, which uses an nonequivalent control group non-synchronized design, was to develop of a self-empowerment intervention program for for inpatient at high risk of suicide, and to assess its effects on positive emotions (subjective well–being, psychological well–being, gratitude, optimism, Self-esteem), empowerment and suicide ideation.

Data were collected from January to December, 2016. The experimental group participated in 8 sessions of self-empowerment intervention program. The control group was granted general intervention program to the psychiatric ward. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS Win 20.0.

The results of this study showed the proposed self-empowerment intervention program for inpatient at high risk of suicide had the effect of improving positive emotions (subjective well–being, psychological well–being, gratitude, and optimism, self-esteem), empowerment and reducing the suicide ideation.

The program, developed in accordance with King’s theory of goal attainment, will serve as a useful reference in developing standard guidelines for nursing intervention program suicide prevention in psychiatric department. The results are expected to contribute to the practice of intensive nursing care for inpatient at high risk of suicide.

This study was a descriptive survey research on nurse’s job satisfaction to identify the effects of emotional labor, job stress, social support.

The participants were 177 shift nurses working at three general hospital. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression with SPSS 22.0.

Job satisfaction of nurses was positively correlated with deep acting of emotional labor and social support, while job satisfaction and job stress were negatively correlated. Social support was positively correlated with deep acting of emotional labor. And job stress had a positive correlation with the surface acting of emotional labor. The most important factor affecting nurse’s job satisfaction was deep acting of emotional labor (β=.446), social support (β=.326), job stress (β=−.198), and age (β=.161), which together explained there job satisfaction up to 42.5% (F=22.690, p<.001).

Through this study result, we found the factors influencing nurse’s job satisfaction were such as deep acting of emotional labor, social support, job stress, and age, among which the deep acting was the most influential factor. The results of this study reveals that an operation of educational program relating to the deep acting is needed for improving the nurse’s job satisfaction. And social support is also required highly, such as the active communication programs for cooperation of nurses and the providing resources necessary for work. In addition, a special program coping the stress intensification should be operated to reduce job stress.

The purpose of this study was to examine the moderating effect of resilience and social support to analyze that call center consultants’ emotional labor impacts on the burnout.

A survey questionnaire was conducted to people who work at call center in Gwangju and Deagu. The data from 444 were analyzed.

The result from the hierarchical multiple regression is as follows. First, deep acting decreased burnout, but surface acting of emotional labor increased burnout. Also, frequency of emotion display, variety of emotion required to be expressed and attentiveness to required display rules increased burnout. Second, Resilience had moderating effect between deep acting and burnout. Third, the moderate effect of interaction of social support from leader with surface action was found at burnout. Also, moderating effect of social support from leader were shown in frequency of emotion display with burnout and attentiveness to required display rules with burnout. Fourth, social support from colleague did not have buffering effect on emotional labor and burnout.

It is expected that the moderator variables identified in this study can be used for prevention and treatment of burnout caused by emotional labor.

The purpose of this study was to explore the mediating effect of ambivalence over emotional expressiveness on the relationship between covert narcissistic tendency of adults in their twenties and the satisfaction of interpersonal relations.

194 male and female adults in their twenties completed the self-report questionnaires on covert narcissism, ambivalence over emotional expressiveness, and interpersonal satisfaction. A mediated model was tested using the SPSS Macro by Hayes.

We verified that the ambivalence over emotional expressiveness played a mediating role in the relationship between covert narcissistic tendency and interpersonal satisfaction. In terms of the characteristics of relationship, except for the superior person, the relationship between lover/spouse and friends/colleagues showed the mediating effect between covert narcissism and interpersonal satisfaction.

The covert narcissistic tendency itself affects low interpersonal satisfaction, but the ambivalence over emotional expressiveness affects low interpersonal satisfaction when the covert narcissist interacts with lover/spouse, friends/colleagues. We discussed the directions of intervention for the covert narcissist having low satisfaction in relationships, limitations and future suggestions of this research.

The aims of this paper is to investigate the moderating effect of emotional intelligence on the relationship between emotional labor and job satisfaction of hotel employees and to find a way to increase job satisfaction of them.

This study is a cross-sectional empirical study conducted for hotel employees in Korea. A total of 314 completed responses were collected and analyzed. Hierarchical regression analysis was employed to test the hypotheses.

Emotional dissonance decrease job satisfaction, but emotional effort improves it. “Ability to understand emotion” and “ability to understand others’ emotion” are moderating factors that increase job satisfaction joining with emotional effort.

In order for hotel employees to be satisfied with their jobs, it is necessary to develop and implement an emotional intelligence improvement education program that can improve job satisfaction by positively moderating emotional labor.

This study investigates the function of cognitive flexibility in the relationship between emotional clarity and emotion regulation and examines the differential effect between belief and ability for cognitive flexibility on them.

The 151 participants respond to the questionnaires measuring emotional clarity, emotion regulation, and cognitive flexibility, which is also measured by task reflecting on real ability.

Data from this study show that self-reported cognitive flexibility mediates the effect of emotional clarity on emotion regulation. Cognitive flexibility measured by task has no mediating effect on them.

These results suggest the cognitive flexibility play a role in the mechanism linking emotional clarity to emotion regulation and belief of own’s ability to cope flexibly is more important than real ability. Finally, this paper includes implications, limitations, and suggestions for the future study.

The purpose of the present study was to explore the impacts of proximity, media exposure, initial reactions and appraisal on ‘sorry feeling’ as trauma-related collective emotions.

The data were collected from a sample of 2,009 respondents (552 males and 1,457 females) using an online survey during a week at a year after Sewol ferry disaster. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to specify from proximity and media exposure to collective emotions through initial reactions at peri-disaster period (T1) and appraisals at the 1st anniversary of the disaster (T2).

The results showed that the proximity, amounts of media exposure (T1 and T2) and initial reactions (T1) influenced collective emotions through the appraisals at T2.

These results were discussed in terms of moral injury and collective emotions. Limitation of this study and directions of future research were suggested.

The aim of this study is to verify the effects of EDT on stress, fatigue, sleep and HRV in nurses. The study was a quasi-experiment using nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design.

Experimental treatment was to contact EDT 3 points on the body surface. EDT touch used the first fingerprint of the thumb for 3 minutes on the frontal branch of superficial temporal area, 3 minutes on the facial area, and 4 minutes on the axillary area. EDT was applied 10 minutes, twice a week for 5 weeks.

Data were analyzed with SPSS 23.0 program. As a result, stress, fatigue, sleep, and HRV were statistically significant difference in both groups.

EDT can be used not only for nurses’ health maintenance and promotion but also for independent nursing intervention at clinical practice.

The purposes of this study were to identify the relationships among post-traumatic growth, trauma experience, cognitive emotion regulation (adoptive and maladoptive) and to determine the influences on post-traumatic growth in nurses.

The participants were 105 nurses in Chung-Nam and Gyeonggi-do. Some variables related to post-traumatic growth, trauma experience, cognitive emotion regulation were measured using reliable instruments.

There showed significant positive relationships of post-traumatic growth with adoptive cognitive emotion regulation. Among predictors, adoptive cognitive emotion regulation, career and position had statistically significant influence on post-traumatic growth.

These results suggest that intervention on post-traumatic growth that targets the adoptive cognitive emotion regulation may be helpful in enhancing post-traumatic growth in nurses.

This study was conducted to identify the effects of emotional labor, social support, anger expression on nurses’ organizational commitment.

The participants were 175 nurses working at one university hospital. Data were collected from January 26th to February 2nd in 2015 and were analyzed with Multiple Regression Analysis.

The most influential factor on nurse’s organizational commitment was supervisor’s support (β= .40) followed by emotional labor (β=−.24) and peer’s support (β=.15), which together explained their organizational commitment up to 35.0% (F=16.36, p<.001).

Through this study result, the factors influencing nurse’s organizational commitment were supervisor’s support, emotional labor, and peer support, among which supervisor’s support was the most influential factor. The results of the study improve nurse’s organizational commitment, supervisor’s support is needed for nurses to understand and solve problems that they encounter.

The purpose of present study was to examine a relation between internalized shame and adaption to college life of Chinese international students and to identify a moderating role of adaptive cognitive emotion regulation on this relation. 

A sample of 173 Chinese international students in Seoul was recruited to answer the questionnaires of internalized shame, adaptive cognitive emotion regulation (acceptance & positive reappraisal) and adaption to college. 

Internalized shame showed a significant negative correlation with adaption to college. So, the higher internalized shame was, the lower adaption to college showed. And the internalized shame was negative effect on level of adaption to college when level of acceptance was high, but the effect of internalized shame on adaptation to college was disappeared when level of acceptance was low. The similar result was also found in positive reappraisal. So, the moderating effect of acceptance and positive reappraisal on the relation between internalized shame and adaption to college was confirmed.

These results suggest that during clinical intervention, practitioners should consider internalized shame as a risk factor and cognitive emotion regulation as a protective factor when dealing with foreign students’ adaption in college.  

This research focuses on ambivalence over emotional expressiveness of college students. It was expected to provide basic data that can be used in the development of related strategies to identify the influence of ambivalence over emotional expressiveness on self-efficacy and interpersonal relationship.

We selected 282 students who completed a questionnaire about general characteristics, ambivalence over emotional expressiveness, self-efficacy, and interpersonal relationship tools. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test, and regression analysis.

Overall ambivalence over emotional expressiveness and ambivalence over positive emotional expressiveness of those who lived alone or in dormitory were statistically significantly higher than living with their families or relatives. Ambivalence over positive emotional expressiveness had significant negative effect on self-efficacy. Overall ambivalence over emotional expressiveness and ambivalence over positive emotional expressiveness had significant negative effects on interpersonal relationship.

To develop strategies enhancing self-efficacy and interpersonal relationship for college students, it is necessary to develop a strategy that can improve ambivalence over positive emotional expressiveness on self-efficacy. There is a need for strategies that improves both ambivalence over positive emotional expressiveness and ambivalence over positive emotional expressiveness on interpersonal relationship.

This study was to identify the effects of empowerment and emotional intelligence in the relationship between clinical practicum stress and burnout among nursing college students.

A cross-sectional survey was conducted on a sample of 247 students enrolled in a 4-year undergraduate nursing program at one university located in Seoul and two universities at Chungcheongnam-do, with a practicum experience at least one semester. Data were collected by convenience sampling using self-reported questionnaires that consisted of general characteristics, clinical practicum stress, empowerment, emotional intelligence, and burnout. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, correlation, and hierarchical multiple regression.

Major findings were as follows. First, clinical practicum stress had a significant positive effect on burnout. Second, empowerment and emotional intelligence had significant negative effects on burnout. Third, emotional intelligence had a moderating effect between clinical practicum stress and burnout, but empowerment did not.

Results of the study suggest that a need to reduce the degree of burnout by enhancing empowerment and emotional intelligence of nursing college students. Further development and application of programs which can improve nursing college students’ empowerment and emotional intelligence are needed.