This study aims to identify factors influencing burnout in nurses during COVID-19 disaster situations.

The research subjects were 131 nurses who had the experience of nursing patients during the COVID-19 pandemic, and were selected through convenience sampling. The collected data were subjected to percentage, mean and standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis using the SPSS version 24.0 program.

Burnout in nurses showed a statistically significant correlation with anxiety, PTSD, and depression. It was also confirmed that nurses’ depression and shift work were important factors that had significant effects on burnout.

In preparation for new infectious diseases that are expected to become more frequent in the future, a policy to supply nursing manpower and prevent burnout is necessary. In addition, it is necessary to introduce various work systems and develop and disseminate intervention programs for depression and burnout.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating effect of social support and its relationship between workplace violence and depression in nurses.

This was a cross-sectional descriptive study that included 128 registered nurses who had worked at medical institutions, except those who experienced depression without workplace violence in Korea. The data were collected between July and August 2020 using online surveys. The mediating effect was performed using multiple hierarchical regression.

The rate of workplace violence was 82.8% (n=106). According to the type of workplace violence, the rates of verbal violence, physical threat, and physical violence were 79.7%, 67.2%, and 33.6%, respectively. A positive correlation between workplace violence and depression was found (r=.30, p<.001), whereas social support showed negative correlations with workplace violence (r=−.18, p=.045) and depression (r=−.26, p=003). This study found a partial mediating effect between workplace violence and depression.

It is important to develop strategies to improve the social support of nurses who experienced workplace violence and effectively prevent and manage depression.

Although social support for patients with chronic illnesses buffers the detrimental impacts of stress, if it is not provided appropriately, it can be a source of stress. This study examined the psychometric properties of the Korean version of the Contextual Illness Support Scale (K-CISS) for patients with rheumatoid disease.

A cross-sectional survey containing measures on social support, depression, anxiety, and quality of life was conducted with patients with rheumatoid disease (N=323).

The construct validity was supported by the results of the exploratory structural equation modeling, confirming the original two-factor model (positive and problematic support) and significant correlations between these two factors and health-related variables (i.e., depression, anxiety, and quality of life). The concurrent validity was supported by the significant positive correlation between positive and social support that was measured by the Korean version of the DUKE-UNC functional social support questionnaire. The internal consistency of the K-CISS was satisfactory, with Cronbach’s α values of .96 and .72 for the subscales.

These results suggest that K-CISS is a reliable and valid measure of two aspects of social support.

This study is an integrative review of literatures of research on emotion processing in depression using facial expression stimuli.

For the review, we searched domestic and international research articles over the past 20 years according to the integrative review procedure and selected the final 19 papers.

The results of the review revealed that depressed people, compared with those who were not depressed, had the following differences. First, they needed longer time for precise processing of emotion. Second, they managed to recognize positive emotion with high intensity while easily recognized negative emotions with low intensity. Third, they tended to overestimate the intensity of negative emotion. Fourth, they showed a negative interpretation bias to ambiguous or neutral facial expressions. Meanwhile, consistent results across the studies were not found for the variable of accuracy.

Our results suggest that it is necessary to develop more elaborate intervention program and design more sophisticated experiment for further coherent understanding of depression.

This study has been carried out in order to investigate the mediating effect of depression on the relationship of self discouragement and binge eating behaviour of university female students with diet experience.

The data of diet experience existence, depression, binge eating behavior and self discouragement were obtained. Lastly, the total data of 296 undergraduate female students were analyzed.

The results of this study were as follows. First, 76% of college women reported a Diet experience. This figure was more than three times the female students reported that this diet experience. Second, In college students with diet experience, the variables of depression, binge eating behavior and self-disappointment were all significantly correlated. Third, binge eating behavior partially mediated the relation between depression and self discouragement.

Binge eating behavior mediated the relation between depression and self discouragement of University female students with diet experience.

Negative urgency is a tendency to engage in rash behaviors when experiencing negative emotions such as depression, anxiety, and stress, and is known to predict addictive behaviors. This study aimed to investigate the effect of negative urgency on smartphone addiction as one of behavioral addictions.

Self-report questionnaires were administered to 350 college (graduate) students to assess the level of depression, anxiety, stress, negative urgency, and smartphone addiction.

Regression and bootstrapping analyses showed that negative urgency partially mediated the relationships between each of depression, anxiety, and stress and smartphone addiction, even after controlling for age, sex, and average time spent on smartphone per day.

Negative emotions such as depression, anxiety, or stress affect smartphone addiction through negative urgency. This finding suggests that intervention for smartphone addiction should focus not only on negative emotions but also on reducing negative urgency. Further implications and limitations of this study are discussed.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between self-care behaviors in renal dialysis patients and to provide the basic data for management of self-care behaviors.

This study was conducted from December 1, 2015 to January 30, 2016 in 120 patients with chronic renal failure receiving dialysis treatment for 6 months or longer at a medical institution in B city. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 21.0 program.

The self-care behaviors of the renal dialysis patients showed a statistically significant positive correlation with autonomous motivation (r=.33, p<.001), health provider’s support (r=.34, p<.001), and family support (r=.40, p<.001), a negative correlation with depression (r=-.31, p=.001). A stepwise regression analysis was performed to examine the factors affecting self-care behaviors in renal dialysis patients. Family support, depression and autonomous motivation were significant predictors of self-care behaviors in renal dialysis patients, and these variables accounted for 23.5% of self-care behaviors.

This study was to find out the relationship between self-care behaviors related variables in renal dialysis patients and to provide basic data for management, maintenance, and promotion of self-care behaviors. Family support, depression and autonomous motivation of renal dialysis patients were most important variables related to self-care behaviors. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a plan that can intervene in depression in renal dialysis patients early and effectively to improve family support and subject’s autonomous motivation.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychiatric comorbidity rates, severity of psychological disorders, and factors predicting cormorbidities in disaster victims with PTSD.

Three hundred and fifty-three disaster victims who scored over the threshold to be classified as potentially meeting criteria for PTSD were selected data from Long-term Investigation of Disaster Victims and Development of Life-Friendly Relief Policy Technology in South Korea.

First, total comorbidity rate of depression or anxiety disorder only and both depression and anxiety disorder in individuals with PTSD was found in 37.4%. Second, the severity of psychological disorders increased with the number of comorbid disorders. Third, factors predicting comorbidities were sex (women), marital status (unmarried), economic distress (monthly income reduction and recipient of basic living) and low resilience.

The findings may help to identify vulnerable individuals that may develop other psychological disorders in individuals with PTSD and maximize treatment effects.

This study aimed to evaluate relationships between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, depression, suicidal ideation, anxiety, impulsiveness, burnout, self-esteem and quality of life and social sorkers group in Korea.

A set of questionnaires were provided to a total of 153 social workers and 454 other participants as a comparison group. All subjects were evaluated using the Korean Adult Attention- Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Scales, the Beck’s Depression Inventory, Beck’s Scale of Suicide Ideation, Beck’s Anxiety Inventory, Baratt’ Impulsiveness Scale, Maslach Burnout Inventory, Rosenberg‘s Self-esteem Inventory, Quality of Life Scale.

The participants who belonged to the social workers group were more likely to demonstrate the symptoms of ADHD and higher levels of depression, suicide idea, anxiety, impulsiveness, burnout and lower levels of self-esteem, quality of life. Further, the results of logistic regression analysis confirmed the association between the social workers group and ADHD symptoms, depression, self-esteem.

Timely and effective evaluation and treatment of ADHD, self-esteem, as well as depression was required for social workers.

This study aimed to examine the influence of anxiety sensitivity on task performance and physiological stress response, and to assess the effect of depression in this process for the youth population.

We presented participants with an uncontrollable stress situation where they were required to perform mental arithmetic, based on the Montreal Imaging Stress Task (MIST). A total of 29 participants volunteered for this study. They completed the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-Revised and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 to measure their levels of anxiety sensitivity and depression. Two saliva samples, one before and one after the experiment, were collected to assess the change in cortisol levels as an index of physiological stress response.

Participants with high anxiety sensitivity showed lower performance on the mental arithmetic tasks and a significant increase in a salivary cortisol level, compared to those with low anxiety sensitivity. Furthermore, cortisol levels showed a remarkable increase where high anxiety sensitivity was coupled with depressed mood. In other hands, the levels of cortisol remained unchanged despite high anxiety sensitivity with low depressed mood.

Our results confirm that the interaction between anxiety sensitivity and depression affects participants’ task performance and stress response, as measured through behavioral tasks and physiological data with self-report indices. Also, through the physiological data, we examined that those who have a high level of anxiety sensitivity showed maladaptive responses under high stressful situation.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of gratitude and parenting stress in the relationship between neuroticism and postpartum depression.

155 respondents(mean age: 32.54 years) who were 4 weeks or more and 1 year or less postpartum completed surveys that measured levels of neuroticism, gratitude, parenting stress, and postpartum depression.

First, it shows that gratitude and parenting stress had partial mediating effect between neuroticism and postpartum depression each. Second, it was analyzed that gratitude and parenting stress had dual mediating effect between neuroticism and postpartum depression.

Based on the results of this study, it was confirmed that neuroticism could inhibit the development of gratitude, and that leads to an increase in parenting stress, leading to postpartum depression. Also, current results suggest that gratitude intervention and dealing with parenting stress in the treatment and prevention of postpartum depression is important. This paper includes limitations, implications, and suggestions for the future study.

The purpose of this study was to examine the self-control, depression, and eating attitude according to weight control behaviors, and to develop intervention for education and counseling for weight control of female college students and healthy weight control behaviors.

It was cross-sectional descriptive study conducted for female college students. A total of 376 completed responses were collected and analyzed. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a linear model using demographic characteristics as a control variable.

This study were as follows. The self-control was higher in the cases of regular exercise and reducing of meal than fast or meal skip in the main weight control behavior. The risk of eating disorder in fast or meal skip was higher than that of reducing of meal.

Based on these results, it is necessary to implement customized education and counseling according to weight control behaviors for healthy weight control behavior. A program should be planned to improve self-control, reduce depression, and manage the risk of ingestion disability for the fast or meal skip group.

This study was purpose to identify predictors for incidence of delirium after musculoskeletal operation in elderly patients.

A total of 104 elderly patients over 65 years with musculoskeletal operation was participated in this study. After IRB approval, the study period was between April and August, 2017, and the data were collected using by structured questionnaires (MMSE-K, GDSSF-K, Nu-DESC). Collected data were analyzed by descriptive analysis, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation, and logistic regression using SPSS 22.0 statistical program.

The average score of participant’s cognition and depression were 24.85±4.51, 5.27±1.80. 34 (32.7%) participants had cognitive impairment and 83 (79.5%) participant were ruled out depression. As cognitive function, there were significant differences in gender, age, marital status, education, job, house and caregiver. As depression, there were significant differences by aids, operation history and perceived health. There were significantly negative correlations cognitive impairment and depression. The incidence of delirium in participants was 21.2%. During post operation three day, the incident rate of delirium over 9%. The strong predictor was cognitive impairment for incidence of delirium after musculoskeletal operation in participants.

Therefore, it is suggested that geriatric nursing intervention for strengthening cognition of musculoskeletal operation in elderly patients.

This study examined the effect of optimism intervention consisting of writing and mental imagery about best possible self (BPS) and implementation intention on depression, optimism, subjective well-being, self-efficacy in college students.

Sixty depressive college students were randomly assigned to BPS condition (n=21), BPS & implementation intention condition (n=20), and control condition (n=19). Depression, optimism, emotional well-being, cognitive well-being, self-efficacy were measured before and after each intervention. The pre-and post-survey data were analyzed through ANCOVA.

The results showed that compared to the control intervention, BPS intervention led to significantly larger decrease in depression and significantly larger increase in optimism, emotional well-being, cognitive well-being, and self-efficacy. Compared to the control intervention, BPS & implementation intention intervention led to significantly larger decrease in depression and significantly larger increase in optimism and emotional well-being.

These findings suggest that optimism intervention and implementation intention has therapeutic implication in depressed group. Finally, the clinical implications and limitation of the present study were discussed.

This study aimed to evaluate the comparison of exhaustion, ADHD, self-esteem, impulsivity, suicidal tendencies and quality of life as well as depression and anxiety in nurses group and comparison group in Korea.

A set of questionnaires was provided to a total of 97 nurses and 310 other participants as a comparison group. All subjects were evaluated using the Beck’s Depression Inventory, Beck’s Anxiety Inventory, Maslach Burnout Inventory, Korean Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Scales, Rosenberg’s Self-esteem Inventory, Baratt’ Impulsivity Scale, Beck’s Scale of Suicide Ideation, and Quality of Life Scale.

The results of this study indicated that the nurses were more likely to show depression, anxiety, exhaustion, impulsivity, and quality of life. In the multiple regression analysis, nurses group was the most correlated factor in exhaustion. In addition, anxiety, depression, impulsivity, ADHD, self-esteem, and life satisfaction were also correlated to exhaustion.

Timely and effective evaluation and treatment of impulsivity, as well as depression and anxiety were required for nurses.

This study investigated whether pre- and peri-disaster experiences influence on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and whether post-disaster stress by life changes have impact on PTSD after controlling pre- and peri-disaster factors.

Data came from a sample of 1,182 respondents who experienced natural disasters (flood and typhoon) in South Korea from 2012 to 2015. The SPSS Win 22.0 program was used for descriptive analysis, t-test, Chi-square test, Pearson’s correlation and logistic regression analysis.

The results indicated that 24.3% of the disaster victims were in PTSD risk group. Compared with non-PTSD, PTSD risk group showed lower interpersonal trust and satisfaction, higher depression and anxiety, and lower subjective well-being. The results of hierarchical logistc regression revealed that all pre-, peri-, and post-disaster factors increased the probability of developing PTSD, except for relocation of residence. Moreover, a primary post-disaster predictor of PTSD was economic distress after controlling for pre- and peri-disaster.

This study tested relative contributions of post-disaster factors on PTSD.

The purpose of this study is to develop a short form of the normal depression scale for individual use in the school, health, industry, organization, and counseling settings, based on the original normal depression scale (17 items).

To achieve this purpose, we selected five items from the original test and analyzed data using Mplus 7.4 and SPSS 21.0.

The normal depression scale-short form consists of 5 items. The reliability of the short form (test-retest reliability) was good. The content validity and internal structure validity (1 factor model) were verified. The cut score between normal and dysfunctional depression was determined to be 18.

The normal depression scale-short form for individual screening is verified to have good reliability and validity, so it is expected to be useful to perform quick screening of normal depression in the practical settings.

The purpose of this study was to examine the moderated mediating effect of self-compassion through non-mentalization on the relationship between negative affect intensity and depression.

A total of 289 college students participated in this study by completing the following questionnaires: Affect Intensity Measure, Mentalization Questionnaire, Self-Compassion Scale, and The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale.

First, all variables in this study were statistically significant correlation. Second, partial mediation effect of non-mentalization on the relationship between negative affect intensity and depression were found. Third, moderation effect of self-compassion on the relationship between non-mentalization and depression were found also. Finally, self-compassion moderated the mediating effect of negative affect intensity on depression through non-mentalization.

These results suggest that it is important to enhance students’ level of mentalization and self-compassion in order to alleviate their depression. effectively.

The purpose of this study is to develop the Korean dysfunctional depression submodule scales, which are composed of hwa-byung, mood dysregulation, female depression, anxiety, spouse conflict and suicidal risk.

To achieve this purpose, we developed preliminary items of six submodules through the theoretical approach and experiential approach. Then we collected data from professionals and para-professionals in mental health area (n=407) and 275 data were used to analyzed. Correlation with criterion, item information function, item-total correlation, and explorative factor analysis are performed using Mplus 7.4 and SPSS 21.0.

6 submodules of the Korean dysfunctional depression are composed of 8 items for Hwa-byung, 7 items for mood dysregulation, 7 items for female depression, 7 items for anxiety, 7 items for spouse-conflict and 9 items for suicidal risk. Reliability of submodules are .84∼.93.

These submodules of the Korean dysfunctional depression scale are verified to have high reliability and expected to be useful to assess the specific and various features of the dysfunctional depression.

The purpose of this study was to explore gender differences in impacts of Type D personality on mental health among Korean college entrants.

A cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted. A sample size of 75 male and 138 female students residing in Jeonnam province completed the instruments of Type D personality, perceived stress, coping, and depressive symptoms. Data were analyzed by t-test and multiple regression.

Approximately 55.1% of female and 36.0% of male respondents were Type D. Perceived stress and depressive symptoms in Type D group were higher than in non-Type D group. Type D personality score was associated with perceived stress (β=0.40), problem focused coping (β=−0.32) among male college entrants. In female group, Type D personality score was associated with perceived stress (β=0.43), depressive symptoms (β=0.42), seeking social support (β=−0.25), and wishful thinking (β=0.20).

Male and female college entrants with Type D personality are more vulnerable in mental health. In addition, there are gender differences in Type D personality, stress, and coping strategies. We suggest the need of gender perspective to develop mental health program for college students.

The purpose of this study is to develop and validate the Korean dysfunctional depression scale, which measures pathological depression including subclinical depression and clinical depression.

To achieve this purpose, we collected data from patients diagnosed as having depressive disorder and clients with chief complaints related to depression, and 360 data were analyzed.

Using item linkage methods, we decided 20 items as a dysfunctional depression scale for group research. The results of reliability verification show high internal consistency and stable test-retest reliability. In addition, the result of factor validity demonstrates general factor and two specific factors-the first specific factor is ‘the physical-somatic factor’ and the second specific factor is ‘the pessimistic cognition and alienation factor’. Convergent validity was also confirmed good. Lastly, this study performed standard setting workshop consisting of content experts to decide cut-scores of dysfunctional depression scale. Through the workshop, the standard cut-score of normal-subclinical depression was decided as 44 and the standard cut-score of subclinical-clinical depression was decided as 58. The classification consistency and accuracy indices were to validate standard cut-scores.

This Korean dysfunctional depression scale is verified to have high reliability and validity.

The purpose of this study was to examine the factor structure of the Korean version of CES-D scale by applying the bifactor model. Many studies for validating the CES-D scale have supported the four-factor structure. But some studies found that the three factor structure provided a more appropriate solution. Such inconsistency in the number and structure of factors led us to conduct two studies to clarify the structure of dimensionality of the CES-D-K scale.

In study 1, we factor-analyzed the response patterns to the abbreviated CES-D-K scale (11-item, N=12,309) included the Korean Welfare Panel Study. In study 2, we factor-analyzed the data obtained from 223 college and graduate students who responded to the 20-item CES-D-K scale. Correlational analyses were also conducted to investigate criterion validity of the CES-D-K scale with external variables that are theoretically related to depression. The fit indexes of a single-factor model, a four-factors model, and a bifactor model were compared. The Omega coefficients and Explained Common Variance (ECV) were also computed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the CES–D-K scale more accurately.

The results showed that the CES-D-K scale has a high value of Omega-Hierarchical for the total score, low values of Omega-Hierarchical for the subscale scores, and a high ECV value.

Therefore, we concluded that, as the scale with a strong general factor, the use of the scale score can accomplish the goal of measuring individual differences on the target construct of depression with little to no gain from constructing subscale scores.

Purpose of this study was to investigate the degree of burnout and to explore factors affecting burnout among coast guard of west regional headquarters in Korea.

Self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted on 250 coast guard members working in west sea area. A total of 238 data were analyzed with frequency analysis, t-test or ANOVA, Scheffe test, Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression analysis.

The mean score for burnout (2.38±0.91), depression (6.38±5.28), secondary traumatic stress (2.25±0.63), job stress (2.70±0.78), and social support (3.50±0.72) were presented. The significant major predictors of burnout were job stress, depression, social support, current work unit-office, current work unit-vessel, satisfaction with work unit-dissatisfaction, and satisfaction with work unit-medium. Explanatory power for variables was 61.3%.

To prevent and manage burnout on proper level, it is recommended to develop and implement support programs to lower job stress and depression while boosting familial and social support.

This study explored how the personal and job characteristics, professionalism, organizational commitment and depression of public social work officials affect their job satisfaction in Korea.

296 samples were selected from the raw data of the public social work officials working in the Seoul-Gyeonggi metropolitan area, which were collected by a research center in Korea, for this study. It conducted multiple regression analysis.

As results of the augmented regression analysis, gender, organizational commitment and depression were key factors to determine the job satisfaction of social work public officials in Korea.

Findings of this study recommended us policy and administrative implications to increase their job satisfaction.

This study was conducted to investigate the factors that influence sexual intercourse experience of university students in Korea.

We selected 244 students who completed a questionnaire about general characteristics, sexual attitude, sexual intercourse experience, depression. It was analyzed by logistic regression using sexual attitude of university student, father, and mother as explanatory variables.

The results showed that sexual intercourse experience was more frequent in the respondents who were more open about sexual attitude, those whose mothers have more open mind to sexual attitude, and those who were less depressed.

The sexual intercourse experience is important to affect the upcoming adult period in university students. This study suggests that it is necessary to develop systematically the sexual education program in university and society.