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Original Articles
Emotional Dissonance and Coping Strategies According to the Emotional Processing Type of Call Center Counselors
SoonJin Choi, HaeYoun Choi
STRESS. 2024;32(3):153-160.   Published online September 30, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2024.32.3.153
  • 118 View
  • 6 Download
Abstract PDF
Background
This study explored the emotional processing types of call center counselors and examined the differences in emotional dissonance and related adaptation indicates of coping strategies, emotional exhaustion and work performance orientation according to the types.
Methods
A total of 271 call center agents (204 females, 67 males; mean age 36.5) participated in the study. Latent class analysis of emotional awareness, emotional expression, ambivalence over emotional expression were conducted. Analysis of variance(ANOVA) was used to examine differences in adaptation indicators according to emotion processing type.
Results
Emotional processing types were categorized into Clear(CG), Passive(PG) Repressive(RG) groups. The CG showed low emotional dissonance, good adaptation indicates and functional coping strategies whereas results for the RG type revealed the opposite.
Conclusions
By distinguishing between emotional processing types, this study found that emotional processing type is more closely correlated with burnout and work performance orientation than emotional dissonance itself.
Effect of Emotional Regulation Strategies on Psychological Distress in Obsessive-Compulsive Tendency
Woo-Jin Cha, Myoung-Ho Hyun
STRESS. 2024;32(2):104-110.   Published online June 28, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2024.32.2.104
  • 892 View
  • 40 Download
Abstract PDF
Background
This study examined the effects of emotion regulation strategies on psychological distress in individuals with obsessive-compulsive tendencies.
Methods
A total of 339 adults completed online and offline surveys administered to determine the level of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Among them, 56 were categorized into the obsessive-compulsive tendency group and randomly assigned to the reappraisal, acceptance, and suppression groups, where each participated in emotion regulation strategy training. Their psychological distress was assessed before and after the training.
Results
The results of the repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the main effects of neither group nor time were significant, but the interaction between group and time was significant. The acceptance group showed a significant decrease in psychological distress post-training, whereas the suppression group showed a significant increase. The reappraisal group showed no significant changes in psychological distress before and after the training.
Conclusions
This study demonstrated that the acceptance strategy was especially effective and adaptive in reducing psychological distress. These findings expand our understanding of emotion regulation strategies and have therapeutic implications. Finally, the implications and limitations of this study are discussed, presenting directions for future research.
Attention Bias to Emotional Expression: Variations Based on Anxiety Tendency and Depression Tendency
Yeongeun Kim, Yoonhyoung Lee, Jini Tae, Wonhye Lee
STRESS. 2023;31(2):73-80.   Published online June 30, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2023.31.2.73
  • 1,807 View
  • 90 Download
Abstract PDF
Background
This study examined whether automatic attention bias toward emotional stimuli differs among individuals with varying anxiety and depression levels in the non-clinical population.
Methods
A total of 494 participants from the community completed the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). The dot-probe task was conducted to compare attention biases when emotional stimuli appeared before the target versus neutral stimuli did.
Results
There were differences in attention bias based on the stimuli types, even among the non-clinical community. The anxiety tendency group showed attention bias towards positive expressions, while the depression tendency group showed attention bias toward negative expressions. The group with anxiety and depression tendencies showed mixed characteristics observed in both the anxiety and depression groups.
Conclusions
This study showed that attention bias toward emotional stimuli is an information-processing bias influenced by an individual’s internal state. This study contributes to the understanding of attention bias differences among groups based on anxiety and depression tendencies in non-clinical population of various ages.
The Effect of Directed Avoidance on Impulsive Behaviors among Individuals with Traits of Borderline Personality Disorder
Hoi Jin Yoon, Myoung-Ho Hyun
STRESS. 2022;30(4):260-267.   Published online December 30, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2022.30.4.260
  • 2,001 View
  • 56 Download
Abstract PDF
Background
This study aims to examine the emotion regulation effect of directed avoidance on the impulsive behavior of individuals with traits of borderline personality disorder (BPD).
Methods
A total of 44 participants with BPD traits were randomly assigned to the control group (n=22) and treatment group (n=22). Participants in the treatment group were directed to use avoidance when they experienced a negative emotion. Positive and negative emotions and impulsivity were measured before and after the negative emotion was induced; impulsivity was measured using the Stroop test and Contingency Delay task.
Results
The Stroop test’s results demonstrated that there was a significant interaction effect of time and error between the groups, specifically, impulsivity increased in the control group when negative emotions were induced. However, the results of Contingency Delay task were marginally significant. The main effect of directed avoidance on discount rate k slightly increased but did not reach a significant level, and the interaction effect between the groups and time was not found. In the control group, discount rate k significantly increased after directed avoidance was induced; however, it was not significant in the treatment group.
Conclusions
Findings from our study supported the effect of directed avoidance could be used as an emotional regulation method among individuals with traits of BPD, such as controlling impulsive behaviors. Finally, limitations of this study and implications of the short-term intervention method using the immediate emotional control effect of directed avoidance for the future are discussed.
The Role of Disability Acceptance and Emotional Support in the Association between Negative Experiences and Depression in Disabled People with Cancer: A Moderated Mediation Model
Young Won Shin, Min Jin Jin, Myoung-Ho Hyun
STRESS. 2022;30(4):244-251.   Published online December 30, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2022.30.4.244
  • 1,651 View
  • 46 Download
  • 1 Citations
Abstract PDF
Background
This study examined the moderating effect of emotional support from acquaintances and the mediating effect of disability acceptance in the association between disability-related negative experiences and depression in disabled people with cancer.
Methods
Data were collected from 295 participants in the“Disabled-Life Panel Research” conducted by the Korea Disabled people’s Development Institute. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS Windows 26.0 with the PROCESS Macro program 4.0 as a moderated mediating model.
Results
Higher disability-related negative experiences caused lower disability acceptance, which predicted higher depression levels. Emotional support played a significant moderating role in this relationship. The effect of negative experiences on disability acceptance was weaker in disabled individuals with cancer who perceived higher social support from acquaintances.
Conclusions
These results suggest that focusing on emotional support is important in protecting the psychological health of disabled people with cancer who are alienated from society.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Disability acceptance and depressive symptoms: the moderating role of social support
    Gum-Ryeong Park, Sujeong Park, Jinho Kim
    Disability and Rehabilitation.2024; : 1.     CrossRef
Future Orientation’s Influence on Smartphone Overdependence among Out-of-School Adolescents: Focusing on the Moderated Mediation Effect of Depression by Parental Emotional Support
RaeHyuck Lee
STRESS. 2022;30(4):213-220.   Published online December 30, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2022.30.4.213
  • 1,008 View
  • 51 Download
Abstract PDF
Background
This study aimed to examine the influence of future orientation on smartphone overdependence through depression among out-of-school adolescents and the moderated mediation effect of parental emotional support.
Methods
This study analyzed data from the Panel Survey of School Dropouts with the Process macro Models 4 and 14.
Results
First, out-of-school adolescents’ future orientation negatively influenced smartphone overdependence. Second, out-of-school adolescents’ depression partially mediated the influence of future orientation on smartphone overdependence. Third, out-of-school adolescents’ parental emotional support moderated the mediation effect of future orientation on smartphone overdependence through depression.
Conclusions
The results suggest ways to manage smartphone overdependence among out-of-school adolescents.
Effects of Expressive Writing through Self-Distancing on Emotion and Pain Outcomes in Individuals Who Use Emotional Suppression
Soojin Lee, Sungkun Cho
STRESS. 2022;30(3):129-138.   Published online September 30, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2022.30.3.129
  • 1,429 View
  • 115 Download
Abstract PDF
Background
Emotions are closely related to pain outcomes, and maladaptive emotional regulation strategies such as suppression can exacerbate pain. The purpose of this study was to empirically investigate the effects of expressive writing on emotions and pain outcomes of individuals who use emotional suppression.
Methods
Forty university students with an emotional suppression scale score of more than one standard deviation participated in this study. There were 20 students in the expressive writing group and 20 students in the control group. For the expressive writing group, emotions (negative emotions and state anxiety) and pain experiences (threshold, tolerance, intensity, and pupil diameter measured during cold pressure tasks) were assessed before and after a writing intervention.
Results
The expressive writing group had lower post-negative affect than pre-negative affect and lower post-state anxiety than the control group. However, there were no significant differences between groups in pain outcomes and self-distancing.
Conclusions
These findings suggest that expressive writing can help individuals express and experience negative emotions and anxiety more healthily.
Relationships among Person-Centered Care Competence, Empathy, Mindfulness and Difficulties in Emotional Regulation among Undergraduate Nursing Students
Hee Kyung Chang, Young Joo Do, Sang Mi Han, Bo Ram Kim
STRESS. 2021;29(2):97-105.   Published online June 30, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2021.29.2.97
  • 4,336 View
  • 258 Download
  • 2 Citations
Abstract PDF
Background

This study aimed to identify the relationship between person-centered care competence, empathy, mindfulness, and difficulties in emotional regulation among undergraduate nursing students.

Methods

The subjects of this study were 220 undergraduate nursing students from three colleges in Gyeongsangnam-do. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients, Independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Scheffé test with SPSS/WIN 21.0.

Results

The mean scores of person-centered care competence, empathy, mindfulness, and difficulties in emotional regulation were 3.82±0.51, 3.48±0.36, 4.17±0.37, 1.46±0.61, respectively. Empathy (r=.33, p< .001) and mindfulness (r=.14, p=.046) were significantly correlated with person-centered care competence.

Conclusions

The results indicate that variables related to person-centered care competence are empathy and mindfulness. Therefore, educational programs for increasing person-centered care competence should include strategies that can be developed to promote and sustain empathy and mindfulness among nursing students.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Factors associated with the person-centered care competence of nursing students
    Ju Young Park, Chung Hee Woo
    The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2022; 28(1): 48.     CrossRef
  • The Mediating Effect of Empathy between Mindfulness and Self-Leadership in Female University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study
    Mikyoung Lee, Mijung Jung
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(23): 15623.     CrossRef
Distractive Emotion Regulation: The Construct and Its Measurement
Dohyeon Kim, Hae Youn Choi
STRESS. 2021;29(1):11-20.   Published online March 31, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2021.29.1.11
  • 2,738 View
  • 53 Download
Abstract PDF
Background

Distractive emotion regulation, which relieves arousal through attention shift, protects individuals from strong stress. Distractive emotion regulation is widely used in everyday life and although it has great implications in the context of adaptation such as to addiction, it is generally not considered separately from avoidant regulation, it has neither been clearly defined nor measured.

Methods

Through a literature review and qualitative analysis, we selected adults’ distractive emotion regulation behaviors. We explored the construct by developing measurement on the distractive behaviors that adults use to regulate emotion.

Results

Factor analysis revealed that distractive emotion regulation consisted of four factors: “consumption distraction” concerned with activities such as shopping, internet use, and TV viewing; “arousal control distraction” related to activities such as exercise, bathing, and deep breathing; “reserving distraction” pertaining to activities such as eating, sleeping, and listening to music; and “aggressive distraction” involving behaviors such as bullying, physical destructiveness, or cursing. Each factor had a different correlation with stress coping dimensions and subjective well-being.

Conclusions

Distractive emotion regulation is a multidimensional concept composed of sub-factors with different functions and clinical implications in daily life.

Impact of Instability in Emotional Support Discrepancy from Significant Others on Daily Functioning in Patients with Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) : A Diary Study
Hyunkyung Yoo, Taejin Jeong, Sungkun Cho
STRESS. 2020;28(4):276-284.   Published online December 31, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2020.28.4.276
  • 1,858 View
  • 34 Download
  • 1 Citations
Abstract PDF
Background

Daily functioning is an important aspect of chronic pain management, particularly for individuals living with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). Previous studies have established that emotional support from significant others is beneficial for chronic pain patients. However, emotional support can be discrepant from one’s preference and can also fluctuate. Thus, the present study investigates the role of instability in emotional support discrepancy on the daily functioning of patients with CRPS.

Methods

Participants consisted of 21 CRPS patients. Google Forms was used to obtain daily diary ratings over 15 days.The mean square of successive differences was calculated as an indicator of instability of emotional support discrepancy. Statistical analysis was conducted using hierarchical linear modeling.

Results

Hierarchical linear modeling reveals that the moderating effect of instability in emotional support discrepancy on the relationship between daily pain severity daily activity avoidance (coefficient=0.01, t (292)=5.57, p<.001), activity interference (coefficient=0.01, t (292)=5.98, p<.001), distraction (coefficient=0.01, t (292)=5.10, p= .007) was statistically significant.

Conclusions

The results of this study suggest that instability in emotional support discrepancy reduces the buffering effect of emotional support.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Validation of Types of Body Pain Areas and Related Factors in the Korean Aged Using Latent Class Analysis
    Sang Ye Shin, Eun Suk Lee
    Research in Community and Public Health Nursing.2023; 34: 22.     CrossRef
Review Article
An Integrative Review of Facial Emotion Information Processing in Depression
Eunui Jo, Jejoong Kim
STRESS. 2020;28(2):41-50.   Published online June 30, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2020.28.2.41
  • 2,196 View
  • 88 Download
Abstract PDF
Background

This study is an integrative review of literatures of research on emotion processing in depression using facial expression stimuli.

Methods

For the review, we searched domestic and international research articles over the past 20 years according to the integrative review procedure and selected the final 19 papers.

Results

The results of the review revealed that depressed people, compared with those who were not depressed, had the following differences. First, they needed longer time for precise processing of emotion. Second, they managed to recognize positive emotion with high intensity while easily recognized negative emotions with low intensity. Third, they tended to overestimate the intensity of negative emotion. Fourth, they showed a negative interpretation bias to ambiguous or neutral facial expressions. Meanwhile, consistent results across the studies were not found for the variable of accuracy.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that it is necessary to develop more elaborate intervention program and design more sophisticated experiment for further coherent understanding of depression.

Original Articles
Development and Effects of a Loving-Kindness and Compassion Meditation Program to Improve Maternal-Fetal Attachment
Min-Jeong Kim, Wan-Suk Gim
STRESS. 2019;27(4):353-364.   Published online December 31, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2019.27.4.353
  • 2,001 View
  • 31 Download
  • 1 Citations
Abstract PDF
Background:

The psychological health of a pregnant woman and a healthy fetal relationship are important for perinatal adaptation. This study aimed to develop loving-kindness and compassion meditation (LKCM), which are known to be effective for improving interpersonal relationships and to verify its effectiveness in order to promote maternal-fetal attachment (MFA).

Methods:

We developed an LKCM curriculum and training program for pregnant women and assessed its efficacy for improving MFA, positive emotion, mindfulness, and positive fetal movement experience (PFME) through a pre-intervention, post-intervention, and one-month follow-up comparison with a yoga comparison group and an untreated control group.

Results:

The LKCM experimental group showed significantly improved MFA, positive emotion, mindfulness, and PFME than did the other groups at post-intervention and follow-up.

Conclusions:

Overall, this study confirmed that LKCM interventions can promote MFA, positive emotions, mindfulness, and PFME. Thus, it is meaningful that this study served to foster beneficial psychological resources compared to numerous studies aiming to improve deficits experienced by pregnant women. Additionally, this is the first full-scale study to develop a program based on specialized LKCM to enhance MFA during pregnancy and verify its efficacy.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Prenatal Bağlanmayı Destekleyici Bakım Uygulamaları
    Gamze TESKERECİ, Aysun ÜNAL, Nazlı ÖZBEK, Bedia KOÇAK
    Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry.2021; 13(4): 805.     CrossRef
The Mediating Effect of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategy on the Relationship between Emotion Malleability Beliefs and Depression, Anxiety in Individual with Generalized Anxiety Tendency
Hyeong Taek Kim, Myoung-Ho Hyun
STRESS. 2019;27(4):337-343.   Published online December 31, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2019.27.4.337
  • 2,285 View
  • 67 Download
  • 1 Citations
Abstract PDF
Background:

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of cognitive emotion regulation strategy on the relationship between emotion malleability beliefs and depression, and between emotion malleability beliefs and anxiety in Individuals with GAD (Generalized anxiety disorder) symptoms.

Methods:

The 103 individuals with GAD symptoms respond to the questionnaires measuring emotion malleability beliefs, cognitive emotion regulation strategy, depression, anxiety.

Results:

Data from this study show that maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategy mediates the effect of emotion malleability beliefs on depression and anxiety. Adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategy has no mediating effect on them.

Conclusions:

These results suggest that making the individuals with GAD have emotion malleability beliefs or educating them on emotion regulation strategy may not be enough. Therefore, practical intervention is needed in the overall emotion regulation. Finally, this paper includes implications, limitations, and suggestions for the future study.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Exploring the Major Factors Affecting Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Korean Adolescents: Based on the 2021 Korea Youth Health Behavior Survey
    Mi-Lyang Kim, Kyulee Shin
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(15): 9384.     CrossRef
The Influence of Covert Narcissistic Tendency on Interpersonal Satisfaction: The Mediating Effect of Ambivalence over Emotional Expressiveness
Hye Ji Yun, Myoung-Ho Hyun
STRESS. 2018;26(4):332-339.   Published online December 31, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2018.26.4.332
  • 2,051 View
  • 40 Download
Abstract PDF
Background:

The purpose of this study was to explore the mediating effect of ambivalence over emotional expressiveness on the relationship between covert narcissistic tendency of adults in their twenties and the satisfaction of interpersonal relations.

Methods:

194 male and female adults in their twenties completed the self-report questionnaires on covert narcissism, ambivalence over emotional expressiveness, and interpersonal satisfaction. A mediated model was tested using the SPSS Macro by Hayes.

Results:

We verified that the ambivalence over emotional expressiveness played a mediating role in the relationship between covert narcissistic tendency and interpersonal satisfaction. In terms of the characteristics of relationship, except for the superior person, the relationship between lover/spouse and friends/colleagues showed the mediating effect between covert narcissism and interpersonal satisfaction.

Conclusions:

The covert narcissistic tendency itself affects low interpersonal satisfaction, but the ambivalence over emotional expressiveness affects low interpersonal satisfaction when the covert narcissist interacts with lover/spouse, friends/colleagues. We discussed the directions of intervention for the covert narcissist having low satisfaction in relationships, limitations and future suggestions of this research.

The Relationship between Negative Affect-Intensity and Depression: Moderated Mediating Effect of Self-Compassion through Non-Mentalization
Yong Hee Kim
STRESS. 2018;26(3):201-207.   Published online September 30, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2018.26.3.201
  • 1,690 View
  • 37 Download
Abstract PDF
Background:

The purpose of this study was to examine the moderated mediating effect of self-compassion through non-mentalization on the relationship between negative affect intensity and depression.

Methods:

A total of 289 college students participated in this study by completing the following questionnaires: Affect Intensity Measure, Mentalization Questionnaire, Self-Compassion Scale, and The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale.

Results:

First, all variables in this study were statistically significant correlation. Second, partial mediation effect of non-mentalization on the relationship between negative affect intensity and depression were found. Third, moderation effect of self-compassion on the relationship between non-mentalization and depression were found also. Finally, self-compassion moderated the mediating effect of negative affect intensity on depression through non-mentalization.

Conclusions:

These results suggest that it is important to enhance students’ level of mentalization and self-compassion in order to alleviate their depression. effectively.


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