STRESS

Review Article

An Integrative Review of Psychosocial Intervention Programs for Children and Adolescents who Experienced Traumatic Events: Eun-Mi Seol, Soo-Hyun Nam; STRESS. 2024;32(3):121-132. Published online September 30, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2024.32.3.121

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Abstract PDF: Background
This integrative review study aims to analyze the core components, intervention strategies, and effects of psychosocial intervention programs conducted for children and adolescents in Korea who have experienced traumatic events.
Methods
The integrative review involved a search of major domestic databases using key terms such as 'children’, 'adolescents’, 'trauma’, 'post-traumatic stress’, 'intervention’, and 'education’. A total of 10 studies were selected for analysis based on predefined criteria.
Results
The 10 selected studies were categorized into three types of interventions based on the environment and structure of the intervention delivery: individual-based interventions targeting only children and adolescents, family-based interventions involving family members, and school-based interventions conducted within schools. These interventions were found to be effective in addressing mental health issues caused by trauma in children and adolescents.
Conclusions
Despite the serious nature of traumatic experiences among children and adolescents, this integrative review found that domestic research on psychosocial interventions for this population lacks rigorous study design and is limited in the selection of participants and trauma events. Therefore, the study suggests the need for the development and dissemination of more proactive psychosocial interventions for children and adolescents. The findings of this study are expected to serve as foundational data for the development of trauma managing programs for this population.

Original Articles

The Moderating Role of Perceived Social Support in the Relation between Type D Personality and PTSD Symptoms among ICU and ER Nurses: Sohyeon Kim, Myung-Ho Hyun; STRESS. 2023;31(4):197-204. Published online December 28, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2023.31.4.197

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Abstract PDF: Background
This study examined the moderating effects of four types of perceived social support on the relation between type D personality and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among ICU and ER nurses.
Methods
Data were collected from 223 ICU and ER nurses in university or general hospitals located in Seoul. A questionnaire survey method was used for data collection and SPSS Windows 28.0 and PROCESS Macro Program were used for data analysis.
Results
The results showed that only the moderating effect of senior support was statistically significant, while perceived support from family, friends, and coworkers were not. Specifically, the effect of type D personality on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms was weaker in ICU and ER nurses who perceived higher social support from senior nurses.
Conclusions
The study highlighted the significance of senior support in protecting the psychological health of ICU and ER nurses. Additionally, it addressed the major considerations in developing practical interventions in hospital settings.

The Moderating Effect of Perceived Psychological Support on the Relationship between Perceived Disaster Damage, Posttraumatic Stress, and Subjective Health Status among Disaster Victims: Ahram Im, Chin Kang Koh; STRESS. 2023;31(2):51-58. Published online June 30, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2023.31.2.51

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Abstract PDF: Background
This study examined the relationship between perceived disaster damage, posttraumatic stress, and subjective health status after disasters and the moderating effect of perceived psychological support among disaster victims.
Methods
Data from 1,821 participants in the fourth ‘Follow-up Survey on Change of Disaster Victims’ conducted by the National Disaster Management Research Institute in 2019 were analyzed.
Results
The results showed that the perceived degree of disaster damage significantly impacted subjective health status after disasters; this effect was fully mediated by posttraumatic stress. Furthermore, perceptions of psychological support were found to moderate the mediation effect of posttraumatic stress.
Conclusions
Based on these findings, a discussion was suggested regarding future improvements in disaster-supporting policies.

A Preliminary Study on a Short-Term Counseling Program for Victims of Interpersonal Trauma in the Military: Shin Young Park, Sung Yi Cha, Myoung-Ho Hyun; STRESS. 2022;30(3):155-162. Published online September 30, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2022.30.3.155

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Abstract PDF: Background
This preliminary study was conducted to develop a short-term counseling program for victims who experienced interpersonal trauma in the military and to verify its effectiveness.
Methods
A single group pre-post-mixed design was used for this study. Seven victims who experienced interpersonal trauma within the military participated in the program once a week for five weeks. Participants’ post-traumatic stress symptoms, degree of insomnia, depression, state anxiety, and acceptance behavior levels were assessed and compared at baseline and pre-and post-test.
Results
Participants’ post-traumatic stress symptoms, state anxiety, and depression symptoms significantly reduced and acceptance behavior significantly increased after participating in the short-term counseling program.
Conclusions
The results of this study will help explore therapeutic elements that are helpful for victims who have experienced interpersonal trauma in the military.

The Experience of Killing and Health in Late Life: Findings from Korean Vietnam War Veterans: Hyunyup Lee, Sungrok Kang; STRESS. 2022;30(2):85-91. Published online June 30, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2022.30.2.85

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Abstract PDF: Background
The current study aimed to examine the effects of combat exposure and killing on mental and subjective physical health later in life among Korean Vietnam War veterans.
Methods
The data were collected from 342 male veterans with a mean age of 72 years (SD=2.57). Veterans were divided based on their histories into three groups: no experience (Group 1), combat exposure only (Group 2), and both killing and combat exposure (Group 3). Analyses of variance (ANOVAs) examined group differences in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, anxiety symptoms, hostility, and perceived physical health.
Results
The ANOVAs showed that PTSD, anxiety symptoms and hostility were most prevalent among the veterans in Group 3 (both killing and combat exposure). No significant differences were found between Groups 1 and 2. Perceived physical health was highest among the veterans in Group 1 (no experience). There were no differences between Groups 2 and 3. Even after controlling for the impacts of optimism and social support after homecoming, these results were similar.
Conclusions
The findings indicate that killing experience and combat exposure should be considered in designing interventions for veterans deployed into active combat zones.

The Influencing Factors of Burnout in Nurses in the COVID-19 Pandemic Disaster: Jeong Yee Bae, Eun-kyung Lee, Bi-Joo Kim, Eun Ju Lee; STRESS. 2021;29(2):80-86. Published online June 30, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2021.29.2.80

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16 Citations

Abstract PDF

Background

This study aims to identify factors influencing burnout in nurses during COVID-19 disaster situations.

Methods

The research subjects were 131 nurses who had the experience of nursing patients during the COVID-19 pandemic, and were selected through convenience sampling. The collected data were subjected to percentage, mean and standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis using the SPSS version 24.0 program.

Results

Burnout in nurses showed a statistically significant correlation with anxiety, PTSD, and depression. It was also confirmed that nurses’ depression and shift work were important factors that had significant effects on burnout.

Conclusions

In preparation for new infectious diseases that are expected to become more frequent in the future, a policy to supply nursing manpower and prevent burnout is necessary. In addition, it is necessary to introduce various work systems and develop and disseminate intervention programs for depression and burnout.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

The Effects of Disaster Nursing Core Competence and Coping Flexibility on the Quality of Work Life of Emergency Room Nurses during Long COVID-19
Yu Jin Lee, Chung Hee Woo
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2024; 30(3): 259. CrossRef
Effects of stress on burnout among infection control nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic: the mediating effects of social support and self-efficacy
Su-jin Lee, Ju-Young Park, Seo-Hyeon Kim
BMC Nursing.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
The relationship between secondary traumatic stress and burnout in critical care nurses: The mediating effect of resilience
Yun Jeong Jeong, Sujin Shin
Intensive and Critical Care Nursing.2023; 74: 103327. CrossRef
Stress, COVID‐19 related knowledge, attitude, and infection control performance of nurses at long‐term care hospitals
Ji Ae Shim, Sun Young Jeong
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The effect of grit on the work engagement of nurses: The mediating effects of positive psychological capital and burnout
Mi Kyung Park, Won Hwa Kim
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The impact of Long COVID, work stress related to infectious diseases, fatigue, and coping on burnout among care providers in nursing home: A cross-sectional correlation study
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Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2023; 25(3): 271. CrossRef
Burnout and Its Associated Factors Among COVID-19 Frontline Healthcare Workers
Hyeonseok Oh, Euihyun Kwak, So Yeon Hyun, Songeun Lee, Suk-Hyun Lee, In Mok Oh, Minyoung Sim
Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association.2023; 62(4): 199. CrossRef
Factors influencing burnout among Korean nurses caring for patients with COVID-19: a cross-sectional study
Seon Yeong Lee, Mi-Ae You, Jeong Ah Ahn, Eun Ji Seo
Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science.2023; 25(4): 276. CrossRef
The Influence of Infection Control Knowledge, Emergency Nursing Competency, and Infection Prevention Environment on Burnout among Psychiatric Nurses Caring for Patients with COVID-19
Hyeran Cho, Suyon Baek
Journal of Korean Academy of psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing.2023; 32(4): 482. CrossRef
Factors Influencing Burnout of Nurses Working in a Hospital Nationally Designated for COVID-19 Patients
Hwasoon Kim, Doa Kim, Minsook Kim, Yiseul Kim, Soojin Bang, Gine Lee, Miso Won, Dajung Joo
Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2022; 34(1): 74. CrossRef
Correlation between Stress and Anxiety to Viral Epidemics (SAVE) and Burnout among Korean Dental Hygienists during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study
Seul-Ah Lee, Jung-Eun Park, Jong-Hwa Jang
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(6): 3668. CrossRef
Factors Affecting the Quality of Work Life of Nurses at Tertiary General Hospitals in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Eunhee Hwang
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(8): 4718. CrossRef
The Mediating Effects of Health Concern and Depression in the Relation between Self-quarantined People’s COVID-19 Stress and Fatigue
Sun Hwa Shin, Eun Hye Lee
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2022; 33(1): 43. CrossRef
Mediating effect of resilience between post-traumatic stress and emotional exhaustion in nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic
Juhee Jeong, Yeoungsuk Song
The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2022; 28(2): 193. CrossRef
Correlation between COVID-19 and Nurses’ Job Stress and Burnout
Seyoung Yun, Song Vogue Ahn
Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service Research.2022; 2(2): 202. CrossRef
Mediating Effects of Psychological States on Work Performance of Visiting Nurses According to COVID-19 Workplace Quarantine Measures: A Multi-Group Path Analysis Study
Jee-Hyun Hwang
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 19(1): 444. CrossRef

Relationship between Complex Trauma Experience in Childhood-Adolescence and Interpersonal Trauma in Adulthood: Mediating Effects of Dissociation Experience, Relationship Addiction, and Internalized Shame: Yumi Oh, Min Kyu Rhee; STRESS. 2021;29(1):1-10. Published online March 31, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2021.29.1.1

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Abstract PDF: Background
The purpose of this study is to verify the mediating effects of dissociation experience, relationship addiction, and internalized shame in the relationship between complex trauma experience in childhood-adolescence and interpersonal trauma in adulthood.
Methods
Two hundred and thirty-eight adults participated in this study. They were administered the Korean versions of the Trauma Antecedents Questionnaire, Impact of Event Scale-Revised, Dissociative Experiences Scale, Relationship Addiction Questionnaire, and Internalized Shame Scale. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, reliability analysis, and structural equation modeling.
Results
First, dissociation and internalized shame had a double mediating effect in the relationship between complex trauma experience in childhood-adolescence and interpersonal trauma in adulthood. Second, relationship addiction and internalized shame had a double mediating effect in the relationship between complex trauma experience in childhood-adolescence and interpersonal trauma in adulthood. Third, dissociation, relationship addiction, and internalized shame had a triple mediating effect in the relationship between complex trauma experience in childhood-adolescence and interpersonal trauma in adulthood.
Conclusions
Therapeutic intervention for revictimization should address symptoms such as dissociation, relationship addiction, and internalized shame. In addition, people with complex trauma experiences in childhood-adolescence require preventive intervention to avoid further exposure to interpersonal trauma.

The Psychiatric Comorbidity in Disaster Victims with PTSD: Comorbidity Rates, Severity of Psychological Disorders and Factors Predicting Comorbidities: Kyungok Sim; STRESS. 2019;27(3):259-267. Published online September 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2019.27.3.259

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4 Citations

Abstract PDF

Background:

The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychiatric comorbidity rates, severity of psychological disorders, and factors predicting cormorbidities in disaster victims with PTSD.

Methods:

Three hundred and fifty-three disaster victims who scored over the threshold to be classified as potentially meeting criteria for PTSD were selected data from Long-term Investigation of Disaster Victims and Development of Life-Friendly Relief Policy Technology in South Korea.

Results:

First, total comorbidity rate of depression or anxiety disorder only and both depression and anxiety disorder in individuals with PTSD was found in 37.4%. Second, the severity of psychological disorders increased with the number of comorbid disorders. Third, factors predicting comorbidities were sex (women), marital status (unmarried), economic distress (monthly income reduction and recipient of basic living) and low resilience.

Conclusions:

The findings may help to identify vulnerable individuals that may develop other psychological disorders in individuals with PTSD and maximize treatment effects.

Citations

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Types of co-occurring patterns of mental health among the disaster victims in South Korea
Kyeong-Won Lee, Hyun Lee
Development and Psychopathology.2024; 36(2): 616. CrossRef
A pilot study on health effects of heavy rain related to extreme climate events
Tae-Jin Song, Moon-Kyung Shin, Kyoung-Nam Kim, SoHyun Park
Journal of Climate Change Research.2024; 15(3): 373. CrossRef
Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms and Related Factors in Patients Admitted and Discharged From COVID-19 Isolation Ward
Minjung Kim, Jihye Kim, Se Hyun Kwak, Eun Hye Lee, Jin Young Park, Deokjong Lee
Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association.2024; 63(3): 167. CrossRef
The Experience of Killing and Health in Late Life: Findings from Korean Vietnam War Veterans
Hyunyup Lee, Sungrok Kang
STRESS.2022; 30(2): 85. CrossRef

The Effects of Life Changes on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder after Disasters: Hye Sun Lim, Kyungok Sim; STRESS. 2018;26(4):319-326. Published online December 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2018.26.4.319

2,513 View
138 Download
6 Citations

Abstract PDF

Background:

This study investigated whether pre- and peri-disaster experiences influence on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and whether post-disaster stress by life changes have impact on PTSD after controlling pre- and peri-disaster factors.

Methods:

Data came from a sample of 1,182 respondents who experienced natural disasters (flood and typhoon) in South Korea from 2012 to 2015. The SPSS Win 22.0 program was used for descriptive analysis, t-test, Chi-square test, Pearson’s correlation and logistic regression analysis.

Results:

The results indicated that 24.3% of the disaster victims were in PTSD risk group. Compared with non-PTSD, PTSD risk group showed lower interpersonal trust and satisfaction, higher depression and anxiety, and lower subjective well-being. The results of hierarchical logistc regression revealed that all pre-, peri-, and post-disaster factors increased the probability of developing PTSD, except for relocation of residence. Moreover, a primary post-disaster predictor of PTSD was economic distress after controlling for pre- and peri-disaster.

Conclusions:

This study tested relative contributions of post-disaster factors on PTSD.

Citations

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A pilot study on health effects of heavy rain related to extreme climate events
Tae-Jin Song, Moon-Kyung Shin, Kyoung-Nam Kim, SoHyun Park
Journal of Climate Change Research.2024; 15(3): 373. CrossRef
Moderating Effect of Personal and Community Resilience on the Relationship Between Disaster Trauma, Disaster Conflict, Economic Loss, and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
Ji-Eun Ann, Sung-Man Bae
Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Mental Health Predictors After the COVID-19 Outbreak in Korean Adults
Ah Rim Kim, Soo-Yeon Kim
Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services.2021; 59(3): 18. CrossRef
Effects of social support on mental health outcomes in disasters: A cross‐sectional study
Suin Park, Sunah Kim, Go‐Un Kim, Dabok Noh
Nursing & Health Sciences.2021; 23(2): 456. CrossRef
Physical function, post-traumatic stress disorder, and quality of life in persons with spinal cord injury caused by the Wenchuan earthquake versus nondisaster trauma: a cross-sectional modeling study
Jialing Li, Jan D. Reinhardt, Xianqiong Feng
Spinal Cord.2020; 58(5): 616. CrossRef
The Psychiatric Comorbidity in Disaster Victims with PTSD: Comorbidity Rates, Severity of Psychological Disorders and Factors Predicting Comorbidities
Kyungok Sim
Stress.2019; 27(3): 259. CrossRef

Effects of Coping Strategies on Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms among General Population: Youji Jung, Sori Kim, Subin Park, Jung Hyun Lee; STRESS. 2018;26(3):186-192. Published online September 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2018.26.3.186

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Abstract PDF: Background:
Numerous studies have accumulated findings indicating that the way of coping is a critical mediator in the relation between these traumatic events and psychological outcomes. This study investigates the associations between coping strategies and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in Korean adults.
Methods:
Through an online survey, 554 non-clinical adult respondents were recruited. We assessed PTSS using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) scale and measured individual coping strategies using the Ways of Coping Checklist (WCCL). Based on the IES-R standard cut-off score, we categorized the respondents into 3 groups: normal (n=255), non-PTSS (n=185) and PTSS (n=144) after exposure to traumatic events.
Results:
The scores of each coping strategy in a PTSS group were generally higher than in either the normal or non-PTSS group. In the logistic regression analysis, PTSS group was 2.77 more likely to use Tension-reduction coping compared to the other two samples.
Conclusions:
Our findings suggest that PTSS is associated with high inclination to apply emotion-focused coping such as tension-reduction contributing to psychological distress. These results point to the potential value of coping strategies in prevention of and therapeutic approach to PTSS for non-clinical adults.

The Role of Attentional Bias and Event-Related Ruminations in Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Posttraumatic Growth: Hae Lim Noh, KyungHun Han, Eun-Jung Shim; STRESS. 2018;26(3):123-132. Published online September 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2018.26.3.123

2,116 View
50 Download
2 Citations

Abstract PDF

Background:

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between attentional bias to threat and positive stimuli (i.e., facilitated attentional engagement, difficulty in attentional disengagement, and attentional avoidance) and event-related rumination, and to examine whether the latter mediated the relationship between attentional bias and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and posttraumatic growth (PTG) in individuals with traumatic experiences.

Methods:

A total of 70 college students with traumatic experiences participated in the study. Attentional bias to threat and positive stimuli was measured by employing a spatial cueing task. Other variables were assessed using self-report measures including The Impact of Event-Related Scale-Revised, Event-Related Rumination Inventory, Post-traumatic Growth Inventory, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.

Results:

The results indicated that attentional avoidance was significantly associated with intrusive rumination, whereas none of the three aspects of attention bias was associated with deliberate rumination. Furthermore, attentional avoidance was related to increased intrusive rumination, which in turn, was associated with increased PTSS. Additionally, difficulty in attentional disengagement from threat stimuli was associated with finding new possibilities, one aspect of a PTG, even after controlling for the impact of deliberate rumination.

Conclusions:

The current results suggest that therapeutic interventions aimed at helping individuals not to avoid but accept their traumatic experience may be effective to overcome trauma and facilitate PTG among individuals with traumatic experiences.

Citations

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Effects of a Remote Videoconferencing-based Expressive Writing Program on Posttraumatic Stress, Resilience, and Post-traumatic Growth among Traumatized Nurses
Nam Hee Chae, Ji Young Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2024; 30(2): 152. CrossRef
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Review Article

Current Therapeutic Approaches in Spinal Cord Injury: Pharmacological, Rehabilitation, Cell-based, and Psychological Intervention: Wootaek Lim, Bongsam Choi; STRESS. 2017;25(1):1-7. Published online March 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2017.25.1.1

2,742 View
41 Download
3 Citations

Abstract PDF

이 연구는 현재 척수 손상시 널리 적용되는 치료적 중재에 대한 고찰 및 제한점에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 척수 손상은 신경학적 손상과 그에 따른 심각한 근육 위축을 초래한다. 손상 초기에는 산화적 스트레스, 지질 과산화 등과 같은 이차적 손상으로 인한 추가 신경 손상을 막기 위해 약물요법이 널리 사용되고 있다. 또한 삶의 질과 관련성이 높은 보행 능력에 대한 임상 전, 임상 연구는 보행 능력의 회복에 그 촛점을 맞추고 있으며, 이에 대한 예로서, 트레드밀 훈련, 자전거 훈련, 로봇 훈련 등이 시행되고 있다. 최근에는 세포나 조직을 이식하는 이식치료가 많은 관심 속에 연구되고 있으나 안전성을 확보하기 위한 추가적인 연구가 필요하다. 척수손상은 단순히 신체손상뿐아니라 정신건강에도 부정적 영향을 주는 다면적인 손상을 초래할 수 있기때문에 단독치료 접근방법 보다는 심리인지적 치료를 포함한 다양한 치료가 결합된 형태를 고려해야 한다.

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Sooyeon Suh, Nayoung Cho, Sonhye Jeoung, Hyeyoung An
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The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine.2020; 41(2): 122. CrossRef
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Neural Regeneration Research.2017; 12(12): 2050. CrossRef

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